Contents -- Preface -- The Mansell Bequest Symposia of the Medical Society of London -- List of Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1. The Evolutionary Basis of Meaning in Music: Some Neurological and Neuroscientific Implications Ian Cross -- Introduction -- Language and Music as Universal and Discrete Human Capacities -- Amusia as an Indicator of Domain-Specificity/Modularity -- Action, Interaction and Rhythm as Adaptive Behaviour -- Music as Communicative Medium -- Music and the Social Brain -- References -- Chapter 2. Historical Perspectives on the Study of Music in Neurology Julene K. Johnson, Amy B. Graziano, and Jacky Hayward -- Introduction -- Pre-Nineteenth-Century Descriptions of Music and Neurology -- On a mute who can sing -- An abbot who could not recite psalms or sing -- John Hughlings Jackson and Singing by Speechless Children -- Other Early Reports of Music in Neurology -- Knoblauch and Amusia -- Knoblauch and his patient L.S. -- Diagrammatic model of music -- Coining of the term 'amusia' and additional classifications -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3. The Creative Brain: Fundamental Features, Associated Conditions and Unifying Neural Mechanisms Stavia Blunt -- Introduction -- Heredity -- Creative pedigrees -- Case-control and twin studies -- Gender - Or 'degree of maleness' -- Intelligence and domain-specific intellectual precocity -- Environment -- Family background -- Education, knowledge, training and the 'ten-year rule' -- Timing and timeliness - The creative context and receptiveness of the field -- Variability of Creativity and Associated Personality and Cognitive Attributes -- Variability and periodicity of creativity -- Cognitive styles and the creative personality -- Cognitive styles - Day- and night-dreams, arousal and the creative process -- Brief overview of cognitive processes.

Cognitive styles characteristic of creative people - A lower default DA tone? -- Neuropsychiatric Conditions Associated with Creativity -- Affective disorders -- Temporal correlation between mood and creative output -- Not too mad or too sad - and other essential ingredients! -- Schizophrenia and creativity -- Tourette's syndrome (TS), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) -- Migraine -- Synaesthesia and creativity -- Implications for the association between creativity and the above disorders -- Fronto-temporal circuits, visual and musical creativity -- Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) -- Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Creativity -- Variability and periodicity of creativity -- Is transmitter dysregulation a fundamental property of the creative brain? -- Transmitter dysregulation in conditions associated with creativity -- Creative personality traits -- Creative inspiration: Low default dopamine tone? -- Creative verification: Increased mesolimbic DA transmission? -- Creative productivity: High, or increasing DA transmission? -- What processes might cause transmitter dysregulation? -- Which genes might be most relevant to creativity? -- Convergence of multiple genes on neurotrophic factors: Implications for creativity -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix 1 -- References -- Chapter 4. The Neurologist in the Concert Hall and the Musician at the Bedside George K. York III -- Introduction -- The Neurologist in the Concert Hall -- The Musician at the Bedside -- Commentary. Thinking Neurologically About Art and Artists -- References -- Chapter 5. The Human Nervous System - A Clavichord? On the Use of Metaphors in the History of Modern Neurology Frank Stahnisch -- Introduction -- The Research Question -- Musical Instruments as Metaphors in Modern Neurology.

Conclusion: On the Epistemological Value of Metaphors in Modern Neurology -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6. The Musician's Brain as a Model for Adaptive and Maladaptive Plasticity Eckart Altenmüller -- What is Special About Music Making? -- Sensory Motor Skills of Musicians in Historical Times -- Brain Adaptations Accompanying Behavioural Pressures -- Musicians Dystonia - the Final Point of a Development? -- From Neandertal to Carnegie - and Future Developments? -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7. Temporal Co-ordination of the Two Hands in Playing the Violin Mario Wiesendanger -- Uni- and Bi-manual Skills in Daily Life Bear Substantially on Playing Music -- A New Step into a Brain Circuit for the Use of the Hands - the Work in Physiology at Oxford -- Creation of Neurophysiology in Fribourg: Cortical Loops and Bi-manual Co-ordination -- Motor Skills for Playing the Violin -- A New Laboratory to Embark on Studies of Motor Skills in Violin Playing -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8. Music as a Calibrator of Time: Auditory Processing Steve Jones -- Introduction -- Music as an aid to understanding the passage of time -- Music represents 24 octaves of sound -- Studying auditory processing in the laboratory and the clinic -- Interaural Time Difference Processing in the Brainstem -- The 'Pitch Onset' Response -- Evoked Potentials to Disturbance of Rhythmic Patterns -- Implications for Clinical Neurology -- References -- Chapter 9. Musical Reading and Writing John Brust -- References -- Chapter 10. 'Fools at Musick' - Thomas Willis (1621-1675) on Congenital Amusia Marjorie Lorch -- Introduction -- Biographical background -- Willis' contributions to neurology -- The anatomy of the brain and the human soul -- The theological context of Willis' work -- Willis' multiple sources of neurological evidence.

Parts of the nervous system described -- A Digression on Musical Ability and Brain Anatomy -- The musical text from Cerebri Anatome -- Willis' original observations about music and the brain -- Willis' Later Work on the Auditory System -- The Early Modern English Context -- The place of music in natural philosophy -- Acoustics, music and the Royal Society -- The Conceptual History of Music and the Brain -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11. Musicogenic Epilepsy Jock Murray -- Introduction -- The Quandary of Classification -- Review of Cases -- Mechanisms in Musicogenic Epilepsy -- Types of Music/Sound -- Investigations -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12. Musical Hallucinations Stefan Evers -- Introduction -- Previous Reviews -- Demography of Musical Hallucinations -- Aetiological Factors -- Hypacusis -- Psychiatric disorders -- Focal brain lesion -- Epilepsy -- Intoxications -- Content of Musical Hallucinations -- Laterality -- Treatment -- Pathophysiological Considerations -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13. Migraine Aura as Source of Artistic Inspiration in the German 'Dark Chanteuse' Alwa Glebe Klaus Podoll -- Introduction -- Artist's Biography -- Artist's Medical History -- Artist's Use of Migraine Prodromes and Postdromes with Increased Creativeness -- Artist's Use of Migraine Experiences as a Source of Inspiration in her Work as a Song Text Writer, Composer and Performer -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 14. Musical Palinacousis as an Aura Symptom in Persistent Aura without Infarction Klaus Podoll -- Introduction -- Case Histories -- Case one -- Case two -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 15. Coloured-Hearing Synaesthesia in Nineteenth-Century Italy Lorenzo Lorusso and Alessandro Porro -- Historical Overview -- Origin of the Word -- Cultural Influence.

The Italian Contribution to Coloured-Hearing Synaesthesia -- Discoveries on the mechanism of hearing sound -- Association of ideas phenomenon -- Lussana's scientific theory on coloured-hearing synaesthesia -- Lussana and the centre of creativity -- Overview on Contemporary Findings -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 16. Crossed Wires: Synaesthetic Responses to Music Ivan Moseley -- Synaesthesia: Definitions and Characteristics -- Mechanisms of Synaesthesia -- Music-Induced Synaesthesia: The Nature of the Stimulus -- Individual pitches -- Keys -- Timbre -- More complex stimuli -- Colour in Composition -- Painting in Response to Composition: Synaesthetic or Not? -- Neurological Investigation of Musical Synaesthesia -- The Site of 'Cross-Talk' -- References -- Chapter 17. The Recognition of Music in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Julene K. Johnson -- Introduction -- Subjects -- Neuropsychological Battery -- Music Battery -- Pitch discrimination -- Melody discrimination -- Familiar tune error detection -- Familiar tune title recall and recognition -- Statistical Methods -- Results -- Demographic and neuropsychological results -- Pitch discrimination -- Melody discrimination -- Familiar tune pitch error detection -- Familiar title recall and recognition -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 18. Maurice Ravel and the Music of the Brain Ola Selnes -- Introduction -- Background -- Emergence of Early Neurological Symptoms -- Boléro -- Late Neurological Symptoms -- Boléro as a Reflection of an Underlying Neurological Disorder -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 19. Cerebrovascular Disorders of Baroque Composers Tomislav Breitenfeld, Darko Breitenfeld, and Vida Demarin -- Introduction -- Pathographies -- HEINRICH SCHUTZ (1585-1672) -- JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH (1685-1750) -- GEORG FRIEDRICH HANDEL (1685-1759).

CHRISTOPH WILLIBALD GLUCK (1714-1787).