Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part 1: Functional Therapeutics -- 1 Stimuli-Responsive Smart Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application -- 1.1 A Brief Overview of Nanotechnology -- 1.2 Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems -- 1.3 Delivery Systems -- 1.3.1 Hydrogels -- 1.3.2 Dendrimers -- 1.3.3 Liposomes -- 1.3.4 Niosomes -- 1.3.5 Polymersomes -- 1.3.6 Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN) -- 1.3.7 Micro- and Nanoemulsions -- 1.3.8 Micelles -- 1.3.9 Carbon Nanomaterials -- 1.4 Polymers for Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 1.4.1 Polyesters -- 1.4.2 Poly-ε-caprolactone -- 1.4.3 Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylates) -- 1.4.4 Polyethylene Glycol -- 1.5 Synthesis of Nanovehicles -- 1.5.1 Top-Down Approach -- 1.5.2 Bottom-Up Approach -- 1.5.3 Hybrid Approach -- 1.6 Dispersion of Preformed Polymers -- 1.6.1 Emulsification-Solvent Evaporation -- 1.6.2 Solvent-Displacement, -Diffusion, or Nanoprecipitation -- 1.6.3 Emulsifi cation-Solvent Diffusion (ESD) -- 1.6.4 Salting-Out -- 1.6.5 Dialysis -- 1.6.6 Supercritical Fluid Technology -- 1.7 Emulsion Polymerization -- 1.7.1 Conventional Emulsion Polymerization -- 1.7.2 Surfactant-Free Emulsion Polymerization -- 1.7.3 Mini-Emulsion Polymerization -- 1.7.4 Micro-Emulsion Polymerization -- 1.7.5 Interfacial Polymerization -- 1.8 Purifi cation of Nanoparticle -- 1.8.1 Evaporation -- 1.8.2 Filtrations Through Mesh or Filters -- 1.8.3 Centrifugation -- 1.8.4 Ultracentrifugation -- 1.8.5 Dialysis -- 1.8.6 Gel Filtration -- 1.9 Drying of Nanoparticles -- 1.9.1 Freeze Drying -- 1.9.2 Spray-Drying -- 1.10 Drug Loading -- 1.11 Drug Release -- 1.12 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer-Where We are and Where We have to Go! -- 2.1 Cancer Pathology -- 2.2 Cancer Diagnosis -- 2.3 Treatment -- Conclusion -- References.

3 Advanced Materials for Biomedical Application and Drug Delivery -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Anticancer Drug Entrapped Zeolite Structures as Drug Delivery Systems -- 3.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications -- 3.4 BioMOFs: Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biological and Medical Applications -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Synthesis, Properties and Structures of MOFs -- 3.4.3 MOFs as Drug Delivery Agents -- 3.4.4 Applications of MOFs as NO storage -- 3.4.5 Applications of Bio-MOFs as Sensors -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and/or Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Nanoparticles -- 4.2.1 Types of NPs Used for Therapy and/or Diagnosis -- 4.2.2 Physicochemical Properties and their Effect on the in vivo Fate of Nanoparticle Formulations -- 4.3 Physiological Factors Related with Brain-Located Pathologies: Focus on AD -- 4.3.1 Neurodegenerative Diseases -- AD and Related Pathologies -- 4.3.2 The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) -- 4.3.2.1 BBB Physiology -- 4.3.2.2 Methods to Overcome the BBB -- 4.3.3 In vitro and in vivo Models for BBB Permeability and AD Diagnostic/Therapeutic Approach Assesment -- 4.3.3.1 In vitro Methods -- 4.3.3.2 In vivo (and in situ) Methods -- 4.4 Current Methodologies to Target AD-Related Pathologies -- 4.4.1 Tau-targeted Strategies-Available Ligands -- 4.4.1.1 Ligands Available for Tau Targeting -- 4.4.2 Amyloid Plaque or Aß- species Targeted Strategies -- 4.4.2.1 Aß Peptide Formation -- 4.4.2.2 Aß Transport Across the BBB-Strategies for Th erapy -- 4.4.2.3 Aß Peptide Species -- 4.4.2.4 Ligands Available to Target Aß -- 4.4.3 Is Passing the BBB Always Needed?-Sink Theory -- 4.4.4 Functionalization of Ligands to NPs -- 4.5 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis of AD -- 4.5.1 Introduction -- 4.5.2 Organic NPs for AD Diagnosis.

4.5.3 Inorganic NPs for AD Diagnosis -- 4.5.4 Other NP-Types for Diagnosis of AD -- 4.6 Nanoparticles for Th erapy of AD -- 4.6.1 Polymeric NPs for Therapy of AD -- 4.6.2 Lipidic NPs for Therapy of AD -- 4.6.3 Other NP Types -- 4.7 Summary of Current Progress and Future Challenges -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 2: Point-of-care Diagnostics -- 5 Novel Biomaterials for Human Health: Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles and Their Application in Biosensor -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Design and Preparation of Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles -- 5.3 The Biosafety and Hemocompatibility Evaluation System for Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles -- 5.3.1 In vitro Coagulation Time Tests -- 5.3.2 Complement and Platelet Activation Detection -- 5.3.3 Percent Hemolysis of RBCs -- 5.3.4 Morphological Changes of RBCs -- 5.3.5 Cytotoxic Assessment -- 5.4 Construction of Biosensor for Direct Detection in Whole Blood -- 5.4.1 Evaluation of GOx/(Hep-PU) Hybrids -- 5.4.2 Evaluation of Whole Blood Adhesion Tests -- 5.4.3 Direct Electrochemistry of GOx/(Hep-PU)/ GCE and Calibration Curve -- 5.4.4 Human Blood Samples Measurement -- 5.5 Conclusion and Prospect -- References -- 6 The Contribution of Smart Materials and Advanced Clinical Diagnostic Micro-Devices on the Progress and Improvement of Human Health Care -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Physiological Biomarkers as Targets in Clinical Diagnostic Bioassays -- 6.2.1 Small Analytes -- 6.2.2 Antigens and Antibodies -- 6.2.3 Nucleic Acids -- 6.2.4 Whole Cells -- 6.3 Biosensors -- 6.3.1 Principles and Transduction Mechanisms -- 6.3.2 Immunosensors vs. Genosensors -- 6.3.3 Optical vs. Electrochemical Detection -- 6.3.4 Merging Electrochemistry with Enzyme Biosensors -- 6.3.5 Strip-Tests and Dipstick Tests -- 6.3.6 Biosensor Arrays and Multiplexing -- 6.3.7 Microfluidic-Based Biosensors.

6.3.8 Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) -- 6.4 Advanced Materials and Nanostructures for Health Care Applications -- 6.5 Applications of Micro-Devices to Some Important Clinical Pathologies -- 6.5.1 Diabetes -- 6.5.2 Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease -- 6.5.3 Cancer -- 6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Part 3: Translational Materials -- 7 Hierarchical Modeling of Elastic Behavior of Human Dental Tissue Based on Synchrotron Diffraction Characterization -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Experimental Techniques -- 7.2.1 Micro-CT Protocol -- 7.2.2 In situ X-Ray Scattering Measurements -- 7.2.2.1 Mechanical Loading Setup -- 7.2.2.2 Beamline Diffraction Setup -- 7.3 Model Formulation -- 7.3.1 Geometrical Assumptions -- 7.3.1.1 Dentine Hierarchical Structure -- 7.3.1.2 Enamel Hierarchical Structure -- 7.3.2 Multi-Scale Eshelby Model -- 7.3.2.1 First-Level Eshelby Model -- 7.3.2.2 Second-Level Eshelby Model -- 7.4 Experimental Results and Model Validation -- 7.4.1 Nano-Scale HAp Distribution and Mechanical Response -- 7.4.2 Evaluation and Testing of the Multi-Scale Eshelby Model -- 7.5 Discussion -- 7.5.1 Refi ned Parameters of the Two-Level Eshelby Model -- 7.5.2 Residual Strain -- 7.5.3 Normal Strain Components Variation -- 7.5.4 HAp Crystals Distribution Effects -- 7.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix -- References -- 8 Biodegradable Porous Hydrogels -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methods of Preparation of Porous Hydrogels -- 8.2.1 Crosslinking Polymerization in the Presence of Substances that are Solvents for Monomers, but Precipitants for the Formed Polymer -- 8.2.2 Crosslinking Polymerization in the Presence of Solid Porogen -- 8.2.3 Crosslinking Polymerization in the Presence of Substances Releasing a Gas -- 8.2.4 Freeze-Drying (Lyophilization) of the Hydrogel Swollen in Water -- 8.2.5 Fibrous Materials.

8.2.6 Cryogelation -- 8.2.7 Combined Techniques -- 8.3 Hydrogels Crosslinked With Degradable Crosslinkers -- 8.3.1 Hydrogels Degradable by Hydrolysis of the N-O Bonds -- 8.3.2 Hydrolytic Splitting of Crossing Chain Based on Poly(Caprolactone) -- 8.3.3 Reductive Splitting of S-S Bond which is Part of Crossing Chain -- 8.4 Hydrogels Degradable in the Main Chain -- 8.4.1 Polycaprolactone-Based Hydrogels -- 8.4.2 Polysacharide-Based Hydrogels -- 8.4.3 Polylactide-Based Hydrogels -- 8.4.4 Polyvinylalcohol-Based Hydrogels -- 8.4.5 Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Hydrogels -- 8.4.6 Peptide-Based Hydrogels -- 8.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Hydrogels: Properties, Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical Applications in Tissue Engineering, Drug Delivery and Wound Care -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Types of Hydrogels -- 9.3 Properties of Hydrogels -- 9.4 Preparation Methods of Hydrogels -- 9.4.1 Physical Methods -- 9.4.1.1 Crosslinking by Ionic Interactions -- 9.4.1.2 Crosslinking by Hydrogen Bonds -- 9.4.1.3 Crosslinking by Heating/Cooling -- 9.4.1.4 Crosslinking by Crystallization -- 9.4.1.5 Crosslinking by Maturation -- 9.4.2 Chemical Methods -- 9.4.2.1 Crosslinking of Polymer Chains -- 9.4.2.2 Grafting -- 9.4.2.3 Crosslinking Using Enzymes -- 9.5 Characterization of Hydrogels -- 9.5.1 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 9.5.2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) -- 9.5.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) -- 9.5.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 9.5.5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) -- 9.5.6 Electron Microscopy -- 9.5.7 Chromatography -- 9.5.8 Other Techniques -- 9.6 Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels -- 9.6.1 Tissue Engineering -- 9.6.2 Drug Delivery -- 9.7 Hydrogels for Wound Management -- 9.7.1 Wound Care and Wound Dressings -- 9.7.2 Types of Wound Dressings -- 9.7.3 Hydrogel Wound Dressings.

9.7.3.1 Preparation Methods of Hydrogel Wound Dressings.