Cover -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Volume 1 -- Part I Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials -- Chapter 1 Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Materials -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Static Properties -- 1.2.1 Tensile Behavior -- 1.2.2 Nanoindentation -- 1.3 Wear Properties -- 1.4 Fatigue Properties -- 1.5 Crack Behavior -- 1.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Superior Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Light Metallic Materials and Their Innovation Potential -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nanostructuring of Light Metallic Materials Using SPD Methods -- 2.3 Superior Mechanical Strength of NS Light Metals and Alloys -- 2.4 Fatigue Behavior of NS Light Metals -- 2.5 Innovation Potential and Application of the NS Light Metals and Alloys -- 2.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Understanding the Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Bainite -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 NANOBAIN: Significant Extension of the Bainite Transformation Theory -- 3.2.1 Bainite Phase Transformation Thermodynamic Theory: Relevant Design Parameters -- 3.3 Microstructural Characterization of Nanostructured Bainitic Steels -- 3.4 Understanding the Advanced Bainitic Steel Mechanical Properties -- 3.4.1 Strength -- 3.4.2 Ductility -- 3.4.3 Toughness -- 3.5 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Inherent Strength of Nano-Polycrystalline Materials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 High-field Tensile Testing -- 4.3 Tensile Strength of Nanosized Monocrystals -- 4.4 Inherent Strength of Bicrystals -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 State-of-the-Art Optical Microscopy and AFM-Based Property Measurement of Nanostructure Materials -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Optical Microscopy -- 5.1.2 Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy -- 5.1.3 Atomic Force Microscopy.

5.2 Applications of Optical Microscopy and AFM -- 5.2.1 Applications of Optical Microscopy -- 5.2.2 Applications of Atomic Force Microscopy -- 5.3 New Developments of Optical Microscopy and AFM Techniques -- 5.3.1 Optical Microscopy-Based 3D Shape Reconstruction -- 5.3.1.1 Defocus Imaging Model -- 5.3.1.2 New Shape Reconstruction Method -- 5.3.1.3 Experimental Results -- 5.3.2 AFM Based Elasticity Imaging and Height Compensation Method -- 5.3.2.1 Compression Effect -- 5.3.2.2 Surface Characteristics Measurement -- 5.3.2.3 Experiments with MWCNTs and Graphenes -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Strength and Electrical Conductivity of Bulk Nanostructured Cu and Cu-Based Alloys Produced by SPD -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microstructure and Strength and Electrical Conductivity of Bulk Nanostructured Cu Produced by SPD -- 6.2.1 Microstructure -- 6.2.2 Strength -- 6.2.2.1 Electrical Conductivity -- 6.3 Bulk Nanostructured Precipitation-Hardenable Cu-Cr Alloys from SPD -- 6.3.1 Bulk Nanostructured Precipitation-Hardenable Cu-Cr Alloys Produced by High-Pressure Torsion (HPT) -- 6.3.1.1 Microstructure -- 6.3.1.2 Strength and Electrical Conductivity -- 6.3.2 Bulk Nanostructured Precipitation-Hardenable Cu-Cr Alloys Produced by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) -- 6.3.2.1 Microstructure -- 6.3.2.2 Strength -- 6.3.2.3 Electrical Conductivity -- 6.4 Bulk Nanostructured Cu-Cr In Situ Fibrous Composites Produced by SPD -- 6.4.1 Microstructure -- 6.4.2 Strength -- 6.4.3 Electrical Conductivity -- 6.5 Perspectives for Industrial Applications of SPD to Produce Bulk Nanostructured Cu and Cu-Based Alloys with High Strength and High Electrical Conductivity -- 6.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References.

Chapter 7 Mechanical Properties and Dislocation Boundary Mechanisms during Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Strength Contributions to Yield Stress -- 7.2.1 Aluminum Matrix Term -- 7.2.2 Solid Solution Strengthening Contribution Coming from the Dissolved Alloying Elements -- 7.2.3 Secondary-Phase Particles, Dispersoids, and Intermetallic Phase Strengthening -- 7.2.4 Dislocation Strengthening Generated by ECAP -- 7.2.5 Strengthening Contribution Due to Texture Evolution with ECAP Straining -- 7.3 Model Validation: Case Study -- 7.3.1 Solid Solution Strengthening -- 7.3.2 Secondary-Phase, Dispersoid, and Intermetallic-Phase Particle Strengthening -- 7.3.3 Dislocation Boundary Strengthening -- 7.3.4 Strengthening Due to Texture Evolution Induced by ECAP -- 7.3.5 Grain Boundary Sliding and Twinning -- 7.3.6 Models of Strengthening Contribution Combination -- 7.4 General Remarks and Prospects -- References -- Chapter 8 Mechanical Properties of Nanoparticles: Characterization by In situ Nanoindentation Inside a Transmission Electron Microscope -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 In situ TEM Nanoindentation Developments -- 8.2.1 Description of the Sample Holder -- 8.2.2 Sample Geometry -- 8.3 Examples of In situ Nanoindentation Tests on Nanoparticles -- 8.3.1 Clusters -- 8.3.2 Isolated Nanoparticles -- 8.4 Data Processing -- 8.4.1 Contrast Imaging -- 8.4.2 Load-Displacement Curve Processing -- 8.4.3 Effect of the Electron Beam -- 8.5 Interest of Simulation on the Data Processing -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Improved Mechanical Properties by Nanostructuring - Specific Considerations under Dynamic Load Conditions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 General Considerations for Nanostructured Bulk Materials -- 9.2.1 The Hall-Petch Relation and Archard's Law -- 9.2.2 Activation Volume.

9.2.3 Quasistatic and Dynamic Testing of n-Nickel -- 9.3 Nanoparticle-Strengthened Nanometal-Matrix Composites -- 9.3.1 Hardening Mechanisms for Particle-Strengthened MMCs -- 9.3.2 Testing of n-Ni/n-Al2O3 MMCs -- 9.3.2.1 Wear Behavior of MMCs -- 9.3.2.2 Vickers Hardness of MMCs -- 9.3.2.3 Quasistatic and Dynamic Compression Tests on n-Nickel and MMCs -- 9.3.2.4 Conclusions on Properties of n-Nickel versus MMCs -- 9.4 Improved Mechanical Properties by Nanostructured Coatings -- 9.4.1 Mechanical Properties of n-Ni/Al Hybrid Metal Foams -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Mechanical Properties of Bio-Nanostructured Materials -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Types of Nanostructured Composites -- 10.3 Surface Effects -- 10.4 Biopolymer Nanocrystals and the Benefits of Hydrogen Bonding -- 10.4.1 Keratins -- 10.4.2 Chitin -- 10.4.3 Collagen -- 10.4.4 Spider Silk -- 10.5 Nanointerlocking Mechanisms -- 10.5.1 Surface Protuberances -- 10.5.2 Nanobridges -- 10.5.3 Interlocking nanofibres -- 10.5.4 Nanosutures and Fractal Surfaces -- 10.6 Methods for Determining the Nanomechanical Properties of Materials -- 10.6.1 Atomic Force Microscopy -- 10.6.2 Nanoindentation -- 10.6.3 Atomistic Modeling -- 10.6.3.1 Modeling of Atom-Atom Interactions -- 10.6.3.2 Molecular Dynamics -- 10.6.3.3 Lattice Energy (LE) Calculations -- 10.6.3.4 Monte Carlo Simulations -- 10.7 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Mechanical Nanostructuring Methods -- Chapter 11 SPD Processes - Methods for Mechanical Nanostructuring -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Classification of SPD Methods -- 11.2.1 Discontinuous SPD Processes -- 11.3 HPT (High-Pressure Torsion) -- 11.4 ECAP (Equal-Channel Angular Pressing) -- 11.5 Development of the ECAP Technique -- 11.5.1 Continuous SPD Processes -- 11.6 HPT Development -- 11.7 ECAP Development.

11.8 FEM Simulation of SPD Processes -- 11.9 Materials for SPD Techniques -- 11.9.1 Metals with Low Melting Points -- 11.9.2 Metals with Medium Melting Points -- 11.9.3 Metals with High Melting Points -- 11.10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Mechanical Alloying/Milling -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 History and Development -- 12.3 Milling Process -- 12.4 Mechanism of Mechanical Alloying/Milling -- 12.5 Process Variables -- 12.5.1 Type of Mill -- 12.5.1.1 Attritor -- 12.5.1.2 SPEX Shaker Mill -- 12.5.1.3 Planetary Mill -- 12.5.2 Milling Medium -- 12.5.3 Milling Speed -- 12.5.4 Milling Time -- 12.5.5 Ball-to-Powder Weight Ratio (BPR) -- 12.5.6 Extent of Filling the Vial -- 12.5.7 Milling Atmosphere -- 12.5.8 Process Control Agents -- 12.5.9 Temperature for Milling -- 12.5.10 Contamination during Milling -- 12.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 13 Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Die Design and Modifications -- 13.3 Influence of External and Internal Parameters -- 13.3.1 Influence of External Parameters -- 13.3.1.1 Channel Angle and Corner Angle -- 13.3.1.2 Friction -- 13.3.2 Influence of Internal Parameters -- 13.3.2.1 Influence of Strain Hardening -- 13.3.2.2 Temperature -- 13.3.2.3 Strain Rate Sensitivity -- 13.4 ECAP of Aluminum and Its Alloys -- 13.4.1 Mechanical Properties -- 13.4.2 Corrosion Properties -- 13.5 ECAP of Copper -- 13.5.1 Mechanical Properties -- 13.5.2 Corrosion Properties -- 13.5.3 Electrical Conductivity -- 13.5.4 Fatigue Properties -- 13.6 ECAP of Titanium -- 13.6.1 Mechanical Properties -- 13.6.2 Wear Properties -- 13.6.3 Corrosion Properties -- 13.6.4 Biocompatibility -- 13.7 ECAP of Magnesium and Steels -- 13.8 ECAP for Consolidation of Powders -- 13.9 Suitability for Large-Scale Production -- 13.10 Summary -- References.

Chapter 14 Severe Shot Peening to Obtain Nanostructured Surfaces: Process and Properties of the Treated Surfaces.