Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Notes -- Acknowledgments -- Section 1 Present, past, and future -- Chapter 1: Beyond the DSM and ICD: a rationale for understanding and using descriptive psychopathology -- Training of descriptive psychopathology relies on classification manuals -- Problems in present classifications -- DSM and ICD reliability is weak -- Classification validity is uncertain -- Diagnostic false positives -- Patient 1.1 -- Patient 1.2 -- False negative diagnosis and "not otherwise specified" (NOS) -- Patient 1.3 -- Patient 1.4 -- False diagnostic choices -- Diagnostic criteria are categorical without dimensional considerations, and poorly defined -- Patient 1.5 -- The DSM and ICD formats limit meaningful examination -- Patient 1.6 -- Patient 1.7 -- Patient 1.8 -- The DSM and ICD are non-theoretical systems in a neuroscience world -- Summary -- Notes -- Chapter 2: A history of psychiatric classification -- Theory drives description and classification -- The humoral theory -- Religious dogma -- Mesmerism -- The notion of the unconscious -- Theories merge in the notions of neurosis and hysteria -- Pre-nineteenth-century description and classification -- The evolving classification in the nineteenth century -- The original "splitters" -- The early "lumpers" and the unitary notion of insanity -- The return of the splitters -- The emergence of present-day nosology (a compromise between splitting and lumping) -- The splitters and lumpers in confusion -- Early-twentieth-century skeptics -- The decline of psychiatric diagnostic standards in the USA -- The influence of psychoanalysis -- New treatments reveal a weak relationship between diagnosis and response -- World War II alters psychiatry in the USA and UK -- Diagnostic confusion reigns.

Biometricians formulate classification: the triumph of the splitters -- Major changes in DSM-III -- Conclusions -- Notes -- Chapter 3: The brain and psychopathology -- The boundaries between normalcy and disease -- The brain behind the mental status -- Brain disease and dysfunction as psychopathology -- Functional brain systems and psychopathology -- The frontal lobes and psychopathology -- The dorsolateral circuit -- The orbitofrontal (ventral) circuit -- The anterior cingulate circuit -- Cerebral hemispheres -- Cortical organization -- Hemisphere functional asymmetry -- Cerebral cortical regions -- Hemisphere differences and psychopathology -- Motor system functioning and psychopathology -- A three-way view of the motor system -- Patient 3.1 (front/bottom) -- The neurology of emotion and psychopathology -- Ventral and dorsal emotion systems -- The generation of emotion -- Primary and secondary emotions -- Chronic emotion -- The neurology of manic-depressive illness -- The neurology of hallucinations and delusions -- Perceptual disturbances -- Visual hallucinations -- Auditory hallucinations -- Olfactory and tactile hallucinations -- Delusions -- Conclusions -- Notes -- Section 2 The neuropsychiatric evaluation -- Chapter 4: The neuropsychiatric evaluation: principles of descriptive psychopathology and the diagnostic process -- The principles of descriptive psychopathology -- Objective observation -- Patient 4.1 -- Patient 4.2 -- Precise terminology -- Patient 4.3 (bizarre) -- Patient 4.4 (bizarre) -- Patient 4.5 (bizarre) -- Patient 4.6 (confused) -- Patient 4.7 (confused) -- Patient 4.8 (incomprehensible) -- Patient 4.9 (incomprehensible) -- Separation of form from content -- Patient 4.10 -- The story of the illness -- Rate of symptom emergence -- Sequence of events -- Patient 4.11 -- Pattern of symptoms -- Primacy of features.

Principles of diagnosis -- The Duck Principle -- Patient 4.12 -- Suttons Law -- Patient 4.13 -- The Rule of Parsimony -- Patient 4.14 -- Eliminating the possibilities to find the probable diagnosis -- Patient 4.15 -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 5: The neuropsychiatric evaluation examination style, structure, and technique -- Examination style -- A conversational interaction -- The examiner's manner -- Examination setting -- Examination ground rules -- Asking questions and eliciting information -- Patient 5.1 -- Examination structure -- Special examination techniques -- Examining for risk of violence -- Patient 5.2 -- Patient 5.3 -- Patient 5.4 -- Examining for suicide risk -- History-taking -- The big picture -- Neuropsychiatic illness -- Symptom rating scales -- Summary -- Notes -- Appendix 5.1: Questions for past illness -- Melancholic depression -- Mania and hypomania -- Psychosis -- Sleep disorder -- Migraine and cluster headache -- Seizure disorder -- Cognitive decline -- Past experiences with preset illness implications -- Pregnancy and postpartum problems -- Childhood health -- Family and abuse -- Head injury -- Posttraumatic stress syndromes -- Drug and alcohol abuse -- Notes -- Section 3 Examination domains -- Chapter 6: Psychopathology of everyday behavior and general appearance -- The initial "big picture" -- "Free-field" behaviors -- Patient 6.1 -- Age and gender -- Social behaviors -- Aspects of general appearance -- Level of arousal -- Dissociation -- Depersonalization and derealization -- Dissociative amnesia -- Dissociative fugue -- Patient 6.2 -- Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder) -- Patient 6.3 -- Grooming, hygiene and dress -- Body size and shape -- Manner -- Gestures, facial expression and body language -- Summary -- Notes -- Chapter 7: Disturbances of motor function -- Disturbances in activity.

Hyperactivity -- Patient 7.1 -- Hypoactivity -- Agitation -- Akathesia -- Gait problems -- Disturbances of motor regulation -- Pathological inertia -- Perseveration and impersistence -- Adventitious motor overflow -- Fine motor problems -- Motor sequencing difficulty -- Catatonia -- Patient 7.2 -- Patient 7.3 -- Mutism and other catatonic speech disturbances -- Stupor -- Negativism and Gegenhalten -- Catalepsy and posturing -- Waxy flexibility (Cera flexibilitas) -- Stereotypy -- Automatic obedience -- Ambitendency -- Mannerisms -- Catatonic cultural variants -- Dyspraxia -- Ideo-motor dyspraxia -- Kinesthetic dyspraxia -- Dressing dyspraxia -- Construction dyspraxia -- Abnormal eye movements -- Movements associated with seizure disorder -- Sleep-related abnormal movements -- Movements associated with the dyssomnias -- Movements associated with the parasomnia -- Movements associated with other parasomnias -- Cataplexy and sleep paralysis -- Basal ganglia motor signs -- Resting and postural tremor -- Dystonia -- Parkinsonism -- Dyskinesia -- Tardive dyskinesia (TD) -- Patient 7.4 -- Tic -- Compulsions -- Cerebellar motor signs -- Intention tremor -- Past-pointing (dysmetria) -- Dysdiadochokinesia -- Asynergy -- Coordination problems -- Procedural memory problems -- Conversion, hysteria, and idiopathic abnormal movements ("psychogenic movements") -- Patient 7.5 -- Patient 7.6 -- Patient 7.7 -- Patient 7.8 -- Patient 7.9 -- Specific idiopathic movement disturbance -- The pathophysiology of idiopathic movement disturbances -- Patient 7.10 -- Patient 7.11 -- Rare motor syndromes mistaken for conversion hysteria -- Apraxic agraphia -- Patient 7.12 -- Alien hand syndrome -- Periodic paralysis -- Startle disease -- Stiff person syndrome -- Astasia-abasia -- Camptocormia -- Paroxysmal dyskinesia -- Conclusion -- Notes.

Chapter 8: Disturbances in emotional experience -- Terminology of emotional experience -- Disturbances in emotional expression -- Disturbances in intensity -- Decreased expression -- Emotional blunting (affective flattening or stiffening) -- Motor aprosodia -- Avolition -- Apathy -- Increased emotional expression -- Disturbances in the quality of emotion -- Witzelsucht -- Pathological laughing and crying, and emotional incontinence -- Disturbances in the variability -- Appropriateness of emotion -- Parathymia -- Pathological anger -- Recognition of emotion -- Subjective awareness of emotion -- Empathy and receptive aprosodia -- Examining for disturbances in emotional expression -- Patient 8.1 -- Classic syndromes of disturbed emotion manic-depression -- Hypomania -- Acute mania -- Patient 8.2 -- Delirious (Bells) mania -- Cyclothymia and the manic-depressive spectrum ("soft bipolar spectrum") -- Melancholia -- Simple melancholia -- Delirious melancholia -- Psychotic depression -- Patient 8.3 -- Melancholia associated with mania -- Classic syndromes and features of anxiety -- Acute anxiety -- Panic attack -- Specific phobia -- Chronic anxiety -- Neurasthenia and chronic fatigue syndrome -- Social phobia, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) -- Phobic-anxiety-depersonalization syndrome (PAD) -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 9: Disturbances in speech and language -- Aspects of conversational speech -- Aphasia -- Patient 9.1 -- Reading and writing -- Disturbances of speech articulation -- Dysarthria -- Manneristic speech -- Stammering and stuttering -- Modulation -- Disturbances of speech production -- Pressured speech (logorrhea) -- Paucity of speech and mutism -- Thought blocking and speech arrest -- Stereotypic speech (Verbigeration, palilalia, and logoclonia) -- Perseveration of speech -- Disturbances of speech organization.

Circumstantial speech.