WELDING METALLURGY AND WELDABILITY OF NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Ni-base Alloy Classification -- 1.1.1 Commercially Pure Nickel Alloys -- 1.1.2 Solid-Solution Strengthened Alloys -- 1.1.3 Precipitation-Strengthened Alloys -- 1.1.4 Other Specialty Alloys -- 1.2 History of Nickel and Ni-base Alloys -- 1.3 Corrosion Resistance -- 1.4 Nickel Alloy Production -- References -- 2. Alloying Additions, Phase Diagrams, and Phase Stability -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General Influence of Alloying Additions -- 2.3 Phase Diagrams for Solid-Solution Alloys -- 2.3.1 The Ni-Cu System -- 2.3.2 The Ni-Cr System -- 2.3.3 Ni-Mo System -- 2.3.4 The Ni-Fe-Cr System -- 2.3.5 Ni-Cr-Mo System -- 2.4 Phase Diagrams for Precipitation Hardened Alloys-γ' Formers -- 2.5 Phase Diagrams for Precipitation-Hardened Alloys-γ'' Formers -- 2.6 Calculated Phase Stability Diagrams -- 2.7 PHACOMP Phase Stability Calculations -- References -- 3. Solid-Solution Strengthened Ni-base Alloys -- 3.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables -- 3.2 Physical Metallurgy and Mechanical Properties -- 3.3 Welding Metallurgy -- 3.3.1 Microstructural Evolution in the Fusion Zone -- 3.3.1.1 Interfaces in Single Phase Austenitic Weld Metal -- 3.3.1.1.1 Solidification Subgrain Boundaries (SSGBs) -- 3.3.1.1.2 Solidification Grain Boundaries (SGBs) -- 3.3.1.1.3 Migrated Grain Boundaries (MGBs) -- 3.3.1.2 Elemental Segregation during Solidification -- 3.3.1.3 Phase Transformation Sequence -- 3.3.2 Heat Affected Zone -- 3.3.3 Postweld Heat Treatment -- 3.3.3.1 Stress Relief Heat Treatments -- 3.3.3.2 Homogenization of Weld Metal Microstructure -- 3.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments -- 3.4.1 Hydrogen Effects -- 3.4.2 Postweld Heat Treatment -- 3.5 Weldability -- 3.5.1 Fusion Zone Solidification Cracking -- 3.5.2 HAZ Liquation Cracking.

3.5.3 Avoiding Solidification and Liquation Cracking -- 3.5.4 Ductility-Dip Cracking -- 3.5.4.1 Description of Ductility-Dip Cracking -- 3.5.4.2 Proposed Mechanisms for Ductility-Dip Cracking -- 3.5.4.3 Ductility-Dip Cracking in Ni-base Weld Metals -- 3.5.4.4 Avoiding Ductility-Dip Cracking -- 3.6 Corrosion Resistance -- 3.7 Case Studies -- 3.7.1 Pitting Corrosion in MONEL(®) Welds -- References -- 4. Precipitation-Strengthened Ni-base Alloys -- 4.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables -- 4.2 Physical Metallurgy and Mechanical Properties -- 4.3 Welding Metallurgy -- 4.3.1 Microstructural Evolution in the Fusion Zone -- 4.3.1.1 Elemental Segregation during Solidification -- 4.3.1.2 Phase Transformations-γ' Formation -- 4.3.1.3 Phase Transformations-Carbide Formation -- 4.3.1.4 Phase Transformations-γ'' Formation -- 4.3.1.5 Effect of Nb and C -- 4.3.1.6 Fusion Zone Microstructure Predictions using New PHACOMP -- 4.3.2 Heat-Affected Zone -- 4.3.3 Postweld Heat Treatment -- 4.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments -- 4.5 Weldability -- 4.5.1 Solidification Cracking -- 4.5.1.1 Effect of Minor Element Additions-B and Zr -- 4.5.1.2 Effect of Nb Additions -- 4.5.1.3 Cast Pin Tear Test Results -- 4.5.1.4 Summary of Solidification Cracking -- 4.5.2 HAZ Liquation Cracking -- 4.5.2.1 Composition Effects -- 4.5.2.2 Effect of Grain Size -- 4.5.2.3 Effect of Heat Treatment -- 4.5.2.4 Effect of Thermal Stress/Strain -- 4.5.2.5 Summary of HAZ Liquation Cracking -- 4.5.3 Strain-Age Cracking -- 4.5.3.1 Mechanism for Strain-Age Cracking -- 4.5.3.2 Effect of Residual, Thermal and Aging Stresses, and Joint Restraint -- 4.5.3.3 Composition Effects -- 4.5.3.4 Grain Size -- 4.5.3.5 Preweld Condition of the Base Metal -- 4.5.3.6 Effect of Welding Procedure -- 4.5.3.7 Effect of Postweld Heat Treatment -- 4.5.3.8 Summary of Strain-Age Cracking -- References.

5. Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloys and Nickel Aluminides -- 5.1 Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloys -- 5.1.1 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy -- 5.1.2 Welding Metallurgy -- 5.1.3 Summary of the Weldability of ODS Alloys -- 5.2 Nickel Aluminide Alloys -- 5.2.1 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy -- 5.2.2 Weldability of the Ni-Aluminides -- 5.2.2.1 Elevated Temperature Cracking -- 5.2.2.2 Hot Ductility Behavior -- 5.2.2.3 Brazing -- 5.2.3 Summary of the Weldability of Nickel Aluminide Alloys -- References -- 6. Repair Welding of Ni-base Alloys -- 6.1 Solid-Solution Strengthened Alloys -- 6.2 Precipitation-Strengthened Alloys -- 6.2.1 Alloy 718 -- 6.2.1.1 Effect of δ-phase Formation -- 6.2.1.2 Rejuvenation Heat Treatments -- 6.2.1.3 Summary of Repair Weldability of Alloy 718 -- 6.2.2 Waspaloy -- 6.3 Single Crystal Superalloys -- 6.3.1 Control of Single Crystal Weld Repairs -- 6.3.2 Solidification Cracking -- 6.3.3 Optimizing Processing Parameters -- References -- 7. Dissimilar Welding -- 7.1 Application of Dissimilar Welds -- 7.2 Influence of Process Parameters on Fusion Zone Composition -- 7.3 Carbon, Low Alloy and Stainless Steels -- 7.3.1 Determining Weld Metal Constitution -- 7.3.2 Fusion Boundary Transition Region -- 7.3.3 Weldability -- 7.3.3.1 Solidification Cracking -- 7.3.3.2 Clad Disbonding -- 7.3.3.3 Creep Failure in the HAZ of Carbon Steel or Low Alloy Steel -- 7.3.3.4 Postweld Heat Treatment Cracking -- 7.4 Postweld Heat Treatment Cracking in Stainless Steels Welded with Ni-base Filler Metals -- 7.5 Super Austenitic Stainless Steels -- 7.6 Dissimilar Welds in Ni-base Alloys-Effect on Corrosion Resistance -- 7.7 9%Ni Steels -- 7.7.1 Physical Metallurgy of 9%Ni Steels -- 7.7.2 Hot Cracking of Ni-base Deposits -- 7.8 Super Duplex Stainless Steels -- 7.9 Case Studies.

7.9.1 Postweld Heat Treatment Cracking of Thick Section Welds in Alloy 800H Made with ENiCrFe-2 Filler Metal -- 7.9.2 Alloy 925 Welded with ERNiCrMo-15 (INCO-WELD 725NDUR) for Manufacturing Vacuum Insulated Oil Patch Tubing -- 7.9.3 Corrosion-Fatigue of Alloy 625 Weld Overlays -- 7.9.4 Overlay of "Safe-End" Welds using High-Cr, Ni-base Filler Metals -- References -- 8. Weldability Testing -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Weldability Testing Approaches -- 8.1.2 Types of Weldability Test Techniques -- 8.2 The Varestraint Test -- 8.2.1 Technique for Quantifying Weld Solidification Cracking -- 8.2.2 Technique for Quantifying HAZ Liquation Cracking -- 8.3 Modified Cast Pin Tear Test -- 8.4 The Sigmajig Test -- 8.5 The Hot Ductility Test -- 8.6 The Strain-to-Fracture Test -- 8.7 Other Weldability Tests -- References -- Appendix A Composition of Wrought and Cast Nickel-Base Alloys -- Appendix B Composition of Nickel and Nickel Alloy Consumables -- Appendix C Corrosion Acceptance Testing Methods -- Appendix D Etching Techniques for Ni-base Alloys and Welds -- Author Index -- Subject Index.