Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Author Biographies -- Preface -- Part I Risk Analysis -- Chapter 1 Risk Analysis and Prevention -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Executive Summary -- 1.3 Oil Spill Risk Analysis -- 1.3.1 Defining "Oil Spill Risk" -- 1.3.2 Factors That Determine the Probability of Spill Occurrence -- 1.3.3 Probability Distributions of Spill Volume -- 1.3.4 Determining the Probable Locations and Timing of Spills -- 1.3.5 Factors That Determine the Consequences/Impacts of a Spill -- 1.3.6 Spill Impacts: The Effects of Spill Location Type -- 1.3.7 Measuring Oil Spill Impacts -- 1.3.8 Interpreting Risk for Policy-Making -- 1.4 Overview of Oil Spill Prevention -- 1.4.1 Basic Strategies for Spill Prevention -- 1.4.2 Implementation of Spill Prevention Measures -- 1.4.3 Effectiveness of Spill Prevention -- 1.4.4 Spill Fines and Penalties as Deterrents -- References -- Part II Oil Properties -- Chapter 2 Oil Physical Properties: Measurement and Correlation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Bulk Properties of Crude Oil and Fuel Products -- 2.2.1 Density and API Gravity -- 2.2.2 Dynamic Viscosity -- 2.2.3 Surface and Interfacial Tensions -- 2.2.4 Flash Point -- 2.2.5 Pour Point -- 2.2.6 Sulfur Content -- 2.2.7 Water Content -- 2.2.8 Evaluation of the Stability of Emulsions Formed from Brine and Oils and Oil Products -- 2.2.9 Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Dispersants on an Oil -- 2.2.10 Adhesion -- 2.3 Hydrocarbon Groups -- 2.3.1 Saturates -- 2.3.2 Aromatics -- 2.3.3 Resins -- 2.3.4 Asphaltenes -- 2.4 Quality Assurance and Control -- 2.5 Effects of Evaporative Weathering on Oil Bulk Properties -- 2.5.1 Weathering -- 2.5.2 Preparing Evaporated (Weathered) Samples of Oils -- 2.5.3 Quantifying Equation(s) for Predicting Evaporation -- References -- Part III Oil Composition and Properties.

Chapter 3 Introduction to Oil Chemistry and Properties -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Composition of Oil -- 3.2.1 SARA -- 3.2.2 Sulfur Compounds -- 3.2.3 Oxygen Compounds -- 3.2.4 Nitrogen Compounds -- 3.2.5 Metals -- 3.2.6 Resins -- 3.2.7 Asphaltenes -- 3.3 Properties of Oil -- References -- Chapter 4 Vegetable Oil Spills: Oil Properties and Behavior -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Oils -- 4.3 Historical Spills -- 4.4 Aquatic Toxicity -- 4.5 Properties of the Oils -- 4.6 Behavior in the Environment -- 4.7 Oxidation, Biodegradation, and Polymerization -- 4.8 Spill Countermeasures -- 4.9 Biofuels -- 4.10 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Oil Analysis -- Chapter 5 Chromatographic Fingerprinting Analysis of Crude Oils and Petroleum Products -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Crude Oils and Refined Petroleum Products -- 5.1.2 Chemical Components of Petroleum -- 5.2 Introduction to Oil Analysis Techniques -- 5.2.1 GC -- 5.2.2 GC with Mass Spectrometry -- 5.2.3 Ancillary Oil Fingerprinting Techniques -- 5.3 Methodology of Oil Fingerprinting Analysis -- 5.3.1 Oil Sample Preparation and Separation -- 5.3.2 Identification and Quantitation of Target Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- 5.3.3 Oil Type Screening by GC-FID -- 5.3.4 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Petroleum -- 5.3.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Petroleum -- 5.4 Weathering Effect on Oil Chemical Composition -- 5.4.1 Evaporation Weathering -- 5.4.2 Biodegradation Weathering -- 5.4.3 Photodegradation Weathering -- 5.4.4 Assessment of Mass Loss during Weathering -- 5.5 Diagnostic Ratios of Target Hydrocarbons -- 5.5.1 Molecular Diagnostic Ratios for Oil Identification -- 5.5.2 Selection of Diagnostic Ratios -- 5.6 Forensic Oil Spill Identification: A Case Study -- 5.6.1 Product Type Screening and Determination of Hydrocarbon Groups -- 5.6.2 Determination of Oil-Characteristic Alkylated PAHs and Biomarkers.

5.6.3 Comparison of Diagnostic Ratios -- 5.6.4 Weathering Check -- 5.6.5 Results of Match between Spilled Oils and Candidate Sources -- References -- Chapter 6 Oil Spill Identification -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sampling -- 6.2.1 Thick Oil Layers and Tar Balls -- 6.2.2 Sampling of Thin Oil Films (Sheens or Slicks) -- 6.2.3 Taking Oil Samples on Beaches and from Oiled Animals -- 6.2.4 Sampling on Board Vessels -- 6.3 Sample Handling in the Laboratory -- 6.4 Analysis -- 6.4.1 Characterization by GC-FID: Level 1 -- 6.4.2 Characterization by GC-MS: Level 2 -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part V Oil Behavior -- Chapter 7 Oil and Petroleum Evaporation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Review of Historical Concepts -- 7.3 Development of New Diffusion-Regulated Models -- 7.3.1 Wind Experiments -- 7.3.2 Variation with Area -- 7.3.3 Variation with Mass -- 7.3.4 Evaporation of Pure Hydrocarbons -- 7.3.5 Saturation Concentration -- 7.3.6 Development of Generic Equations Using Distillation Data -- 7.4 Complexities to the Diffusion-Regulated Model -- 7.4.1 Oil Thickness -- 7.4.2 The Bottle Effect -- 7.4.3 Skinning -- 7.4.4 Jumps from the 0-Wind Values -- 7.5 Use of Evaporation Equations in Spill Models -- 7.6 Volatilization -- 7.7 Measurement of Evaporation -- 7.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8 Water-in-Oil Emulsions: Formation and Prediction -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Types of Emulsions -- 8.3 Stability Indices -- 8.4 Formation of Emulsions -- 8.4.1 The Role of Asphaltenes -- 8.4.2 The Role of Resins and Other Components -- 8.4.3 Methods to Study Emulsions -- 8.4.4 The Overall Theory of Emulsion Formation -- 8.4.5 The Role of Weathering -- 8.5 Modeling the Formation of Water-in-Oil Emulsions -- 8.5.1 Older Models -- 8.5.2 New Models -- 8.5.3 Development of an Emulsion Kinetics Estimator -- 8.5.4 Model Certainty -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References.

Chapter 9 Oil Behavior in Ice-Infested Waters -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Spreading on Ice -- 9.3 Spreading on or in Snow -- 9.4 Spreading under Ice -- 9.4.1 Water Stripping Velocity under Ice -- 9.5 Spreading on Water with Ice Present -- 9.6 The Effect of Gas on Oil-under-Ice Spreading -- 9.7 Movement through Ice -- 9.8 Oil in Leads -- 9.9 Absorption to Snow and Ice -- 9.10 Containment on Ice -- 9.11 Heating Effect of Oil on the Surface of Ice -- 9.12 Oil under Multiyear Ice -- 9.13 Oil in Pack Ice -- 9.14 Growth of Ice on Shorelines and Effect on Oil Retention -- 9.15 Effect of Oil on Ice Properties -- 9.16 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part VI Modeling -- Chapter 10 Introduction to Spill Modeling -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 An Overview of Weathering -- 10.3 Evaporation -- 10.4 Water Uptake and Emulsification -- 10.4.1 Regression Model Calculation -- 10.5 Natural Dispersion -- 10.6 Summary of Natural Dispersion -- 10.7 Other Processes -- 10.7.1 Dissolution -- 10.7.2 Photooxidation -- 10.7.3 Sedimentation, Adhesion to Surfaces, and Oil-Fines Interaction -- 10.7.4 Biodegradation -- 10.7.5 Sinking and Overwashing -- 10.7.6 Formation of Tar Balls -- 10.8 Movement of Oil and Oil Spill Modeling -- 10.8.1 Spreading -- 10.8.2 Movement of Oil Slicks -- 10.9 Spill Modeling -- References -- Chapter 11 Oceanographic and Meteorological Effects on Spilled Oil -- List of Symbols -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Chapter Scope -- 11.3 Atmospheric Boundary Layer -- 11.4 Water Currents -- 11.5 Waves -- 11.6 Sea Spray -- 11.7 Langmuir Cells -- 11.8 Oil Transport -- 11.9 Areas of Active Research -- 11.9.1 Ice -- 11.9.2 Lagrangian Coherent Structures -- 11.9.3 Subsurface Well Blowouts -- References -- Part VII Detection, Tracking, and Remote Sensing -- Chapter 12 Oil Spill Remote Sensing -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Atmospheric Properties.

12.3 Oil Interaction with Light and Electronic Waves -- 12.4 Visible Indications of Oil -- 12.5 Optical Sensors -- 12.5.1 Visible -- 12.5.2 IR -- 12.5.3 Near IR -- 12.5.4 UV -- 12.6 Laser Fluorosensors -- 12.7 Microwave Sensors -- 12.7.1 Radiometers -- 12.7.2 Radar -- 12.7.3 Microwave Scatterometers -- 12.7.4 Surface-Wave Radars -- 12.7.5 Interferometric Radar -- 12.8 Slick Thickness Determination -- 12.8.1 Visual Thickness Indications -- 12.8.2 Slick Thickness Relationships in Remote Sensors -- 12.8.3 Specific Thickness Sensors -- 12.9 Integrated Airborne Sensor Systems -- 12.10 Satellite Remote Sensing -- 12.10.1 Optical -- 12.10.2 Radar -- 12.11 Oil-Under-Ice Detection -- 12.12 Underwater Detection and Tracking -- 12.13 Small Remote-Controlled Aircraft -- 12.14 Real-Time Displays and Printers -- 12.15 Routine Surveillance -- 12.16 Future Trends -- 12.17 Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13 Detection, Tracking, and Remote Sensing: Satellites and Image Processing (Spaceborne Oil Spill Detection) -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Oil Spills Detection by Satellite -- 13.2.1 Optical Remote Sensing -- 13.2.2 Microwave Remote Sensing -- 13.3 From Research to Operational Services -- 13.3.1 Historical Attempts -- 13.3.2 Operational Oil Spill Detection -- 13.3.3 Oil Seepage Detection Aspects -- 13.4 Ancillary Data -- 13.4.1 Detection Capability -- 13.4.2 Risk of Pollution -- 13.4.3 Ship Detection (AIS, LRIT, VMS, Satellite AIS) -- 13.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14 Detection of Oil in, with, and under Ice and Snow -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Overview of Detection of Oil in or under Ice and Snow -- 14.2.1 Optical Methods -- 14.2.2 Acoustic Methods -- 14.2.3 Radio-Frequency Methods -- 14.2.4 Ground-Penetrating Radar -- 14.2.5 UHF Radiometer -- 14.2.6 Nuclear Techniques -- 14.2.7 Gas Sniffing and Leak Detection.

14.2.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.