Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Radiometry -- 1.2 Detector types -- 1.3 Performance characteristics -- 1.3.1 Quantum efficiency -- 1.3.2 Noise and signal to noise -- 1.3.3 Imaging properties -- 1.3.5 Frequency response -- 1.4 Solid state physics -- 1.5 Superconductors -- 1.6 Examples -- 1.6.1 Radiometry -- 1.6.2 Modulation transfer function -- 1.7 Problems -- Notes -- Further reading -- 2 Intrinsic photoconductors -- 2.1 Basic operation -- 2.2 Limitations and optimization -- 2.2.1 Spectral response -- 2.2.2 Number of pixels -- 2.2.3 Responsivity -- 2.2.4 Frequency response -- 2.2.5 Noise -- 2.2.6 Thermal excitation -- 2.3 Performance specification -- 2.4 Example: design of a photoconductor -- 2.5 Problems -- Notes -- Further reading -- 3 Extrinsic photoconductors -- 3.1 Basics -- 3.1.1 Operation -- 3.1.2 Construction -- 3.2 Limitations -- 3.2.1 Frequency response -- 3.2.2 Noise -- 3.2.3 Thermal excitation -- 3.2.4 Compensation -- 3.2.5 Ionizing radiation effects -- 3.2.6 Nonideal behavior -- 3.2.6.1 Transient and nonequilibrium response -- 3.2.6.2 Spiking -- 3.2.6.3 Background dependence -- 3.3 Variants -- 3.3.1 Stressed detectors -- 3.3.2 Blocked impurity band (BIB) detectors -- 3.3.3 Solid state photomultiplier -- 3.4 Problems -- Note -- Further reading -- 4 Photodiodes and other junction-based detectors -- 4.1 Basic operation -- 4.2 Quantitative description -- 4.2.1 Diffusion -- 4.2.2 Quantum efficiency -- 4.2.3 Current and impedance -- 4.2.4 Response -- 4.2.5 Capacitance -- 4.3 Photodiode variations -- 4.3.1 PIN diode -- 4.3.2 Avalanche diode -- 4.3.3 Schottky diode -- 4.4 Quantum well detectors -- 4.5 Superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs) -- 4.6 Example -- 4.7 Problems -- Further reading -- 5 Amplifiers and readouts -- 5.1 Building blocks -- 5.2 Load resistor and amplifier.

5.3 Transimpedance amplifier (TIA) -- 5.3.1 Basic operation -- 5.3.2 Time dependencies and frequency response -- 5.4 Integrating amplifiers -- 5.4.1 Simple integrators -- 5.4.2 Capacitive transimpedance amplifier (CTIA) -- 5.4.3 Readout approaches -- 5.4.4 Minimizing electronic noise -- 5.4.5 Overall readout strategies -- 5.5 Performance measurement -- 5.6 Examples -- 5.6.1 Readout performance -- 5.6.2 Performance measurement -- 5.7 Problems -- Further reading -- 6 Arrays -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 Infrared arrays -- 6.3 Charge coupled devices (CCDs) -- 6.3.1 Operation of a single pixel -- 6.3.2 Readout of the MOS capacitor by charge injection -- 6.3.3 Charge coupled readouts -- 6.3.3.1 Basic operation -- 6.3.3.2 Charge transfer efficiency -- 6.3.3.3 Noise -- 6.3.3.4 Buried channel -- 6.3.3.5 Frontside pinning -- 6.3.3.6 Charge transfer architectures -- 6.3.3.7 Output amplifier -- 6.3.3.8 Performance -- 6.4 CMOS imaging arrays -- 6.5 Direct hybrid PIN diode arrays -- 6.6 Array properties -- 6.6.1 Fixed-pattern noise -- 6.6.2 Fringing -- 6.6.3 Pixelization -- 6.6.4 Crosstalk and MTF -- 6.7 Example -- 6.8 Problems -- Notes -- Further reading -- 7 Photoemissive detectors -- 7.1 General description -- 7.2 Photocathode behavior and photon detection limits -- 7.3 Practical detectors -- 7.3.1 Photomultiplier tube (PMT) -- 7.3.2 Microchannels -- 7.3.3 Image intensifiers -- (a) Photographic plates -- (b) Electronic readout of phosphor-based image tubes -- (c) Electronographic tube -- (d) Direct electronic readouts -- 7.4 Vacuum tube television-type imaging detectors -- 7.5 Example -- 7.6 Problems -- Further reading -- 8 Photography -- 8.1 Basic operation -- 8.2 Underlying processes -- 8.2.1 Photon absorption and quantum efficiency -- 8.2.2 Image creation and detective quantum efficiency -- 8.2.3 Spectral response -- 8.2.4 Color photography.

8.3 Characteristic curve -- 8.4 Performance -- 8.4.1 Speed -- 8.4.2 Contrast, and signal to noise -- 8.4.3 Calibration -- 8.4.4 Resolution -- 8.5 Example -- 8.6 Problems -- Further reading -- 9 Bolometers and other thermal detectors -- 9.1 Basic operation -- 9.2 Detailed theory of semiconductor bolometers -- 9.2.1 Electrical properties -- 9.2.2 Time response -- 9.2.3 Responsivity -- 9.2.4 Noise and noise equivalent power (NEP) -- 9.3 Superconducting bolometers -- 9.3.1 Temperature sensing -- 9.3.2 SQUID readouts -- 9.4 Bolometer construction and operation -- 9.4.1 Heat capacity -- 9.4.2 Thermal conductance -- 9.4.3 Other properties -- 9.4.4 Quantum efficiency -- 9.4.5 Etched bolometers -- 9.5 Other thermal detectors -- 9.5.1 Hot electron bolometers -- 9.5.2 Liquid-nitrogen-temperature bolometers -- 9.5.3 Room-temperature thermal detectors -- 9.5.4 Micromachined bolometer arrays -- 9.6 Operating temperature -- 9.7 Example: design of a bolometer -- 9.8 Problems -- Note -- Further reading -- 10 Visible and infrared coherent receivers -- 10.1 Basic operation -- 10.2 Visible and infrared heterodyne -- 10.2.1 Mixer -- 10.2.2 Post-mixer electronics -- 10.2.2.1 IF amplifier -- 10.2.2.2 Detector stage -- 10.2.3 Local oscillator -- 10.3 Performance attributes of heterodyne receivers -- 10.3.1 Bandwidth -- 10.3.2 Time response -- 10.3.3 Throughput -- 10.3.4 Spatial arrays -- 10.3.5 Signal to noise and fundamental detection limits -- 10.3.6 Noise temperature -- 10.4 Test procedures -- 10.5 Examples -- 10.5.1 Receiver performance -- 10.5.2 Performance comparison -- 10.6 Problems -- Notes -- Further reading -- 11 Submillimeter-and millimeter-wave heterodyne receivers -- 11.1 Basic operation -- 11.2 Mixers -- 11.2.1 Diode mixers -- 11.2.2 Superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixers -- 11.2.3 Other quasiparticle tunneling mixers.

11.2.4 Josephson junctions -- 11.2.5 Hot electron bolometers -- 11.3 Performance characteristics -- 11.3.1 Noise limits -- 11.3.2 Summary of achieved noise temperatures -- 11.4 Local oscillators -- 11.4.1 Gunn oscillator -- 11.4.2 Frequency multiplication -- 11.4.3 Other local oscillators -- 11.5 Problems -- Notes -- Further reading -- 12 Summary -- 12.1 Quantum efficiency and noise -- 12.2 Linearity and dynamic range -- 12.3 Number of pixels -- 12.4 Time response -- 12.5 Spectral response and bandwidth -- 12.6 Practical considerations -- 12.7 Overview -- 12.8 Problems -- Note -- Further reading -- Appendix A Physical constants -- Appendix B Answers to selected problems -- References -- Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8 -- Chapter 9 -- Chapter 10 -- Chapter 11 -- Chapter 12 -- Index.