Liquid Phase Oxidation via Heterogeneous Catalysis: Organic Synthesis And Industrial Applications -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1 Environmentally Benign Oxidants -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Oxygen (Air) -- 1.3 Alkylhydroperoxides -- 1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Oxidation Reactions Catalyzed by Transition-Metal-Substituted Zeolites -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Zeolites -- 2.2.1 Isomorphous Metal Substitution -- 2.2.2 Synthesis of Titanium Silicalite-1 (TS-1) -- 2.2.3 Characterization of Titanium Silicalite-1 (TS-1) -- 2.2.4 Ti-Beta, Synthesis and Characterization -- 2.2.5 Other Ti Zeolites -- 2.2.6 Other Metal Zeolites -- 2.3 Catalytic Properties -- 2.3.1 Hydroxylation of Alkanes -- 2.3.2 Hydroxylation of Aromatic Compounds -- 2.3.3 Oxidation of Olefinic Compounds -- 2.3.4 Oxidation of Alcohol and Ether Compounds -- 2.3.5 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds -- 2.3.6 Oxidation of N-Compounds -- 2.3.7 Oxidation of S-Compounds -- 2.4 Mechanistic Aspects -- 2.4.1 The Nature of Active Species -- 2.4.2 Hydroxylation -- 2.4.3 Epoxidation -- 2.4.4 Oxidation of Alcohols -- 2.4.5 Ammoximation -- 2.4.6 Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide -- 2.4.7 Active Species, Adsorption and Catalytic Activity -- 2.5 Stability of Metal-Substituted Zeolites to Reaction Conditions -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Selective Catalytic Oxidation over Ordered Nanoporous Metallo-Aluminophosphates -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Synthesis -- 3.2.1 Microporous Aluminophosphates -- 3.2.2 Mesoporous Aluminophosphates -- 3.3 Characterization -- 3.4 Catalytic Properties -- 3.4.1 Oxidation of Hydrocarbons -- 3.4.2 Oxidation of Olefins -- 3.4.3 Oxidation of Alcohols -- 3.4.4 Oxidation of Phenols -- 3.4.5 Ammoximation and Ammoxidation -- 3.4.6 Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation -- 3.4.7 Oxidation of Heterocycles.

3.5 Mechanistic Aspects -- 3.6 Catalysts Stability -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Selective Oxidations Catalyzed by Mesoporous Metal Silicates -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Synthesis and Characterization -- 4.2.1 General Synthetic Approaches -- 4.2.2 Characterization Techniques -- 4.2.3 Sol-Gel Synthesis of Amorphous Mixed Oxides -- 4.2.4 Thermolytic Molecular Precursor Method -- 4.2.5 Templated Synthesis of Ordered Metal Silicates -- 4.2.6 Postsynthesis Modifications -- 4.2.7 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials -- 4.3 Catalytic Properties -- 4.3.1 Oxidation of Alkanes -- 4.3.2 Oxidation of Aromatic Compounds -- 4.3.3 Oxidation of Olefins -- 4.3.4 Oxidation of Alcohols -- 4.3.5 Oxidation of Ketones and Aldehydes -- 4.3.6 Oxidation of S-compounds -- 4.3.7 Oxidation of Amines -- 4.4 Mechanistic Aspects -- 4.5 Stability -- 4.5.1 Mechanisms of Deactivation -- 4.5.2 Solving Problem of Hydrothermal Stability -- 4.5.3 Hydrothermally Stable Catalysts: Scope and Limitations -- 4.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 5 Liquid Phase Oxidation of Organic Compounds by Supported Metal-Based Catalysts with a Focus on Gold -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Catalyst Preparation and Characterization -- 5.3 Catalytic Properties -- 5.3.1 Oxidation of Hydrocarbons -- 5.3.2 Oxidation of Alcohols and Phenols -- 5.3.3 Oxidation of Carbohydrates: The Case of Glucose -- 5.3.4 Oxidation of Amines and Aminoalcohols -- 5.3.5 Oxidative Polymerization of Aniline and Pyrrole -- 5.4 Reaction Mechanisms -- 5.5 Catalyst Stability -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Selective Liquid Phase Oxidations in the Presence of Supported Polyoxometalates -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Synthesis and Characterization -- 6.2.1 Choice of POM -- 6.2.2 Embedding POM into Silica and Other Matrixes -- 6.2.3 Adsorption on Active Carbon -- 6.2.4 Electrostatic Attachment -- 6.2.5 Dative and Covalent Binding.

6.3 Catalytic Properties -- 6.3.1 Oxidation of Alkanes -- 6.3.2 Oxidation of Aromatic Compounds -- 6.3.3 Oxidation of Olefins -- 6.3.4 Oxidation of Alcohols -- 6.3.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes -- 6.3.6 Co-Oxidation of Alkenes and Aldehydes -- 6.3.7 Oxidation of S-containing Compounds -- 6.4 Mechanistic Aspects -- 6.5 Stability -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Selective Oxidations Catalyzed by Supported Metal Complexes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Synthesis and Characterization -- 7.2.1 General Synthetic Strategies -- 7.2.2 Metal Porphyrins -- 7.2.3 Metal Phthalocyanines -- 7.2.4 Complexes with Other Macrocyclic Ligands -- 7.2.5 Chiral Complexes -- 7.3 Catalytic Properties and Stability -- 7.3.1 Oxidation of Alkanes -- 7.3.2 Oxidation of Olefins -- 7.3.3 Oxidation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 7.3.4 Oxidation of Substituted Phenols -- 7.3.5 Oxidation of Alcohols -- 7.3.6 Miscellaneous Oxidations -- 7.4 General Remarks on Stability -- 7.5 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 8 Liquid Phase Oxidation of Organic Compounds by Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Characteristics and Structures -- 8.2.1 Characteristics -- 8.2.2 Structures -- 8.2.3 Syntheses -- 8.2.4 Active Sites -- 8.3 Catalytic Properties -- 8.3.1 Oxidation of Cycloalkanes -- 8.3.2 Oxidation of Aromatic Compounds -- 8.3.3 Oxidation of Olefins -- 8.3.4 Oxidation of Alcohols and Phenols -- 8.3.5 Oxidation of Sulfides -- 8.4 Mechanistic Aspects -- 8.5 Stability -- 8.5.1 Thermal and Chemical Stability -- 8.5.2 Leaching of Active Metal Components -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis for Selective Oxidations with Molecular Oxygen -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Catalysts Preparation and Mechanistic Aspects -- 9.2.1 Titanium Dioxide -- 9.2.2 Highly Dispersed Oxides -- 9.2.3 Polyoxotungstates -- 9.3 Catalytic Properties -- 9.3.1 Oxidation of Alkanes.

9.3.2 Oxidation of Aromatic Compounds -- 9.3.3 Oxidation of Alcohols -- 9.3.4 Oxidation of Olefins -- 9.4 Stability -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Industrial Applications -- 10.1 The Hydroxylation of Phenol to Hydroquinone and Catechol -- 10.1.1 The Discovery of TS-1 -- 10.1.2 The Hydroxylation of Phenol -- 10.1.3 The Industrial Process -- 10.1.4 Other Processes Exploiting TS-1 -- References -- 10.2 The Greening of Nylon: The Ammoximation Process -- 10.2.1 Nylon-6 and ε-Caprolactam, Outlook and Industrial Production -- 10.2.2 TS-1 Catalyzed Ammoximation -- 10.2.3 Eni Cyclohexanone Ammoximation Process -- 10.2.4 Salt-Free Caprolactam Production -- 10.2.5 Other TS-1-Catalyzed Ammoximation Reactions and Related Processes of Industrial Relevance -- 10.2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10.3 Production of Propylene Oxide -- 10.3.1 Propylene Oxide Production via Ethylbenzene Hydroperoxide Route -- 10.3.2 Propylene Oxide Production via Cumene Hydroperoxide Route -- 10.3.3 Propylene Oxide Production via Hydrogen Peroxide Route -- 10.3.4 Conclusions -- References -- 10.4 Engineering Aspects of Liquid Phase Oxidations -- 10.4.1 Heterogeneous Liquid Phase Systems -- 10.4.2 Temperature-Control Requirements -- 10.4.3 Packed-Bed Reactors -- 10.4.4 Three-Phase Systems - Gas, Liquid, Solid -- 10.4.5 Oxidant Selection -- 10.4.6 Summary -- References -- Index.