Enhancing Human Performance -- Copyright -- Contents -- PREFACE -- PART I OVERVIEW -- 1 Introduction -- THE COMMITTEE'S TASK -- THE ARMY'S NEEDS -- A SELLER'S MARKET -- IMPROVED PERFORMANCE: COMPLEX ISSUES, SIMPLE SOLUTIONS -- EVALUATING THE TECHNIQUES -- 2 Findings and Conclusions -- GENERAL CONCLUSIONS -- Scientific Evidence -- Testimonials as Evidence -- Conditions for Implementation -- Rational Decision Making -- Mechanisms for Advice -- Bidding Procedures -- SPECIFIC FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS -- Learning During Sleep -- Accelerated Learning -- Improving Motor Skills -- Altering Mental States -- Stress Management -- Influence Strategies -- Group Cohesion -- Parapsychology -- 3 Evaluation Issues -- STANDARDS FOR EVALUATING BASIC RESEARCH -- STANDARDS FOR EVALUATING FIELD TESTS OF PROGRAMS -- The Organizational Context -- Describing a Program's Consequences -- Immediate Effects -- Side Effects -- Assigning Value to Pilot Programs -- Meeting Needs -- Likelihood of Transfer -- Contrast with Alternatives -- CURRENT STATUS OF ARMY EVALUATIONS -- QUALITATIVE APPROACHES -- PART II PSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES -- 4 Learning -- LEARNING DURING SLEEP -- Other Types of Learning Without Awareness -- Types of Knowledge -- Measurement of Memory "Strength" -- Remembering With and Without Awareness -- Potential Applications of Learning During Sleep -- Applications of Learning During Verified Sleep -- Applications of Disrupted-Sleep Learning -- Direction and Design of Future Research -- Research on Stimulus-Driven Learning During EEG-Verified Sleep -- Research on Sleep-Disrupted Learning -- Sources of Information -- ACCELERATED LEARNING -- Packaged Programs for Accelerated Learning -- The SALTT Classroom -- The Evidence -- Assumed Theoretical Support -- Support for Traditional Instructional Components -- Generation and Elaboration -- Spacing of Repetitions.

Imagery -- Songs and Rhythm as Mnemonic Devices -- Cooperative Learning -- Advanced Organizers -- Tests as Motivational Devices and Learning Events -- Review of the SALTT Learning Literature -- Testimonial Evidence -- Confounding Factors -- Weak Designs and Questionable Interpretations -- Independent Evaluations -- Direction and Design of Future Research -- Sources of Information -- 5 Improving Motor Skills -- MENTAL PRACTICE -- Previous Reviews -- Theoretical Explanations for Mental Practice -- SyberVision® -- Conclusions -- VISUAL CONCENTRATION -- Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques -- Visual Training Programs -- The ProVision Training Program -- Research Literature on Visual Training -- Direction and Design of Future Research -- Conclusions -- BIOFEEDBACK -- Electromyography -- Electroencephalography -- Spontaneous EEG Activity -- Event-Related Potentials -- Slow Potentials -- Heart Rate -- Concurrent Task Performance -- Economy of Effort in Static and Dynamic Exercise -- Respiration -- Thermal Self-Regulation -- Multiple Autonomic Responses -- Conclusions -- SOURCES OF INFORMATION -- 6 Altering Mental States -- ALTERING MENTAL STATES FOR PEAK PERFORMANCE -- BRAIN ASYMMETRY -- The Nature of Hemispheric Differences -- Information-Processing Capacity -- Hemisphericity -- Synchronizing Hemispheric Activity -- Conclusions -- 7 Stress Management -- STRESS IN THE MILITARY -- THE NATURE OF STRESS -- STRESS REDUCTION: GENERAL APPROACHES AND CONSIDERATIONS -- Individual and Intrapsychic Approaches -- Arousal Reduction -- Relaxation Training -- Biofeedback -- Cognitive Restructuring -- Behavioral Skills Training -- Strategies for Changing the Environment -- STRESS REDUCTION IN MILITARY SETTINGS -- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder -- Symptoms and Diagnosis -- Treatment of PTSD -- Preventive Programs -- CONCLUSION AND AN ETHICAL NOTE -- 8 Social Processes.

STRATEGIES FOR INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE -- Attitude Change Through Persuasive Communications -- Organizational Development Programs -- Neurolinguistic Programming -- Basic Features of NLP -- Internal Consistency of NLP -- Research on NLP -- Current Status of NLP -- Unintended Consequences of NLP -- NLP as a Modeling System -- Transfer of Technology -- Conclusions -- GROUP COHESION AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTS -- Evidence from Basic Research -- Cohesion in Small Groups -- Causes of Group Cohesion -- Consequences of Group Cohesion -- Cohesion in Organizations -- Organizational Development Studies -- Organizational Commitment Studies -- Organizational Culture Studies -- Conclusions -- Potential Approaches to Developing Cohesion in Large Organizations -- Implications from Research on Cohesion -- Feasibility -- Effectiveness -- Implications from Research on Organizational Culture -- Horizontal Cohesion -- Vertical Cohesion -- Cultural Conflict -- Potential Consequences of Cohesion -- Positive Consequences -- Negative Consequences -- Ineffective Handling of Deviance -- Groupthink -- Increased Impact of any Existing Negative Norms -- Increased Intergroup Conflict -- Application Issues -- Knowledge Base -- Feasibility and Costs -- At What Organizational Level Should Efforts Begin? -- Where Should the Bonding Be Focused? -- How Much Time and Cost Are Required? -- What Are the Most Cost-Effective Methods of Building Cohesion? -- Potential Gains and Losses -- SOURCES OF INFORMATION -- PART III PARAPSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES -- 9 Paranormal Phenomena -- BACKGROUND -- The Nature of the Phenomena -- Potential Military Applications -- The Committee's Focus -- STANDARDS OF EVIDENCE -- Minimal Criteria -- Global Criteria -- EVALUATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE -- Research on Remote Viewing -- The SRI Remote Viewing Program -- Scientific Assessment of Remote Viewing.

Research on Random Number Generators -- The Basic Paradigm -- Results of the Experiments -- Scientific Assessment of the RNG Experiments -- Research on the Ganzfeld -- The Ganzfeld Experiments -- Critique of the Ganzfeld Experiments -- Research on Electrical Activity and Emotional States -- The Backster Laboratory -- Critique of the Backster Experiment -- Discussion of the Scientific Evidence -- THE PROBLEM OF QUALITATIVE EVIDENCE -- Qualitative Evidence and Subjective Biases -- Examples of Problematic Beliefs -- Discussion of Qualitative Evidence -- CONCLUSIONS -- SOURCES OF INFORMATION -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIXES -- A Summary of Techniques: Theory, Research, and Applications -- Sleep-Assisted Instruction -- Theory and Assumptions -- Key Elements -- Tasks and Designs -- Performances Assessed -- Examples of Results -- Applications -- Comments -- Suggestive Accelerative Learning and Teaching Techniques (SALTT) -- Theory and Assumptions -- Key Elements -- Tasks and Designs -- Performances Assessed -- Examples of Results -- Applications -- Comments -- Guided Imagery or Rehearsal -- Theory and Assumptions -- Key Elements -- Tasks and Designs -- Performances Assessed -- Examples of Results -- Applications -- Comments -- Biofeedback -- Theory and Assumptions -- Key Elements -- Tasks and Designs -- Performances Assessed -- Examples of Results -- Applications -- Comments -- Hemi-Sync -- Theory and Assumptions -- Key Elements -- Tasks and Designs -- Performances Assessed -- Examples of Results -- Applications -- Comments -- Stress Management -- Theory and Assumptions -- Key Elements -- Tasks and Designs -- Performances Assessed -- Examples of Results -- Applications -- Comments -- Neurolinguistic Programming -- Theory and Assumptions -- Key Elements -- Tasks and Designs -- Performances Assessed -- Examples of Results -- Applications -- Comments -- Cohesion.

Theory and Assumptions -- Key Elements -- Tasks and Designs -- Performances Assessed -- Examples of Results -- Applications -- Comments -- Parapsychology -- Theory and Assumptions -- Key Elements -- Tasks and Designs -- Performances Assessed -- Examples of Results -- Applications -- Comments -- B Background Papers -- Evaluation Issues -- Learning -- Strategies to Improve Performance -- Stress Management -- Social Processes -- Parapsychological Techniques -- C Committee Activities -- Subcommittee on Evaluation Issues -- Subcommittee on Sleep Learning -- Subcommittee on Accelerated Learning -- Subcommittee on Guided Imagery -- Subcommittee on Biofeedback -- Subcomittee on Split-Brain Effects -- Subcommittee on Stress Management -- Subcommittee on Cohesion -- Subcommittee on Influence -- Subcommittee on Parapsychology -- Special Briefings -- D Key Terms -- Biofeedback and Stress Management -- Cohesion -- Hemispheric Laterality -- Imagery and Rehearsal -- Neurolinguistic Programming -- Parapsychology -- Sleep Learning -- Suggestive Accelerated Learning Techniques -- E Military Applications of Scientific Information -- Sources of "Error" in the Research and Development Process -- Within-Step Sources of Error -- Between-Step Sources of Error -- Decisions Involved in the Research and Development Process -- Decisions Leading to Basic Research -- Decisions Leading to Applied Research and Early Development -- Decisions Leading to Advanced Development -- Decisions Leading to Engineering Development -- Decisions Leading to Implementation -- Decisions Leading to Sustainment -- Conclusions -- References -- F Biographical Sketches -- INDEX.