Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the Author -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Corrosion in the Oil, Gas, and Chemical Industries -- 1.1 Uniform Corrosion -- 1.2 Localized Corrosion -- 1.2.1 Galvanic Corrosion -- 1.2.2 Pitting Corrosion -- 1.2.3 Selective Attack -- 1.2.4 Stray Current Corrosion -- 1.2.5 Microbial Corrosion -- 1.2.6 Intergranular Corrosion -- 1.2.7 Concentration Cell Corrosion (Crevice) -- 1.2.8 Thermogalvanic Corrosion -- 1.2.9 Corrosion Caused By Combined Action -- 1.2.10 Corrosion Fatigue -- 1.2.11 Fretting Corrosion -- 1.2.12 Stress Corrosion Cracking -- 1.2.13 Hydrogen Damage -- 1.3 Low-Temperature Corrosion -- 1.3.1 Low-Temperature Corrosion by Feed-Stock Contaminants -- 1.3.2 Low-Temperature Corrosion by Process Chemicals -- 1.4 High-Temperature Corrosion -- 1.4.1 Sulfidic Corrosion -- 1.4.2 Sulfidic Corrosion without Hydrogen Present -- 1.4.3 Sulfidic Corrosion with Hydrogen Present -- 1.4.4 Naphthenic Acids -- 1.4.5 Fuel Ash -- 1.4.6 Oxidation -- Chapter 2 Corrosion Problems in the Petroleum and Chemical Industries -- 2.1 Stress Corrosion Cracking and Embrittlement -- 2.1.1 Chloride Cracking -- 2.1.2 Caustic Cracking -- 2.1.3 Ammonia Cracking -- 2.1.4 Amine Cracking -- 2.1.5 Polythionic Acid Cracking -- 2.1.6 Hydrogen Damage -- 2.2 Hydrogen Attack -- 2.2.1 Forms of Hydrogen Attack -- 2.2.2 Prevention of Hydrogen Attack -- 2.3 Corrosion Fatigue -- 2.3.1 Prevention of Corrosion Fatigue -- 2.4 Liquid-Metal Embrittlement -- 2.4.1 Prevention of Zinc Embrittlement -- 2.5 Basic Definition of Erosion-Corrosion -- 2.5.1 Cavitation -- 2.6 Mixed-Phase Flow -- 2.7 Entrained Catalyst Particles -- 2.8 Systematic Analysis of Project -- 2.8.1 Organization of Work -- 2.8.2 Teamwork -- 2.8.3 Sources of Information -- 2.8.4 Environmental Conditions.

2.8.5 Case Histories and Technical Data Records -- 2.8.6 Analysis -- 2.9 Forms of Corrosion and Preventive Measures -- 2.9.1 Uniform or General Corrosion -- 2.9.2 Galvanic or Two-Metal Corrosion -- 2.9.3 Crevice Corrosion -- 2.9.4 Pitting -- 2.10 Selective Leaching or De-Alloying Corrosion -- 2.10.1 Dezincification: Characteristics -- 2.10.2 Graphitization -- 2.11 Erosion-Corrosion -- 2.11.1 Surface Films -- 2.11.2 Effect of Velocity -- 2.11.3 Effect of Turbulent Flow -- 2.11.4 Effect of Impingement -- 2.11.5 Galvanic Effect -- 2.11.6 Nature of Metal or Alloy -- 2.11.7 Combating Erosion-Corrosion -- 2.12 Stress Corrosion Cracking -- 2.12.1 Crack Morphology -- 2.12.2 Stress Effects -- 2.12.3 Corrosion Fatigue -- 2.12.4 Methods of Prevention -- 2.13 Types of Hydrogen Damage -- 2.13.1 Causes of Hydrogen Damage -- 2.13.2 Preventive Measures -- 2.14 Concentration Cell Corrosion -- 2.14.1 Metal Ion Concentration Cells -- 2.14.2 Oxygen Concentration Cells -- 2.14.3 Active-Passive Cells -- 2.15 Filiform Corrosion -- 2.16 Types of Intergranular Corrosion -- 2.17 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion -- 2.18 Corrosion in Concrete -- Chapter 3 Corrosion Considerations in Material Selection -- 3.1 Corrosion in Oil and Gas Products -- 3.1.1 Effect of CO2 -- 3.1.2 Effect of Temperature -- 3.1.3 Effect of Pressure -- 3.1.4 Prediction of CO2 Corrosion Rate -- 3.1.5 Effect of H2S -- 3.2 Corrosives and Corrosion Problems in Refineries and Petrochemical Plants -- 3.2.1 Sulfur Content -- 3.2.2 Erosion -- 3.2.3 Naphthenic Acid -- 3.2.4 Hydrogen -- 3.2.5 Polythionic Stress Cracking -- 3.2.6 Caustic Embrittlement by Amine Solution -- 3.2.7 Salts -- 3.2.8 Condensate -- 3.2.9 High Temperature -- 3.2.10 CO2 Corrosion -- 3.2.11 Amine Solution -- 3.2.12 H2S -- 3.2.13 H2SO4 -- 3.2.14 Hydrogen Fluoride -- 3.2.15 Acetic Acid -- 3.2.16 Ammonia.

3.2.17 Fuel Ash -- 3.2.18 Micro-organisms -- 3.2.19 Special Material Requirements for Refinery Equipment -- 3.2.20 Special Equipment Requirements for Pressure Vessels (Including Exchanger Shells, Channels, etc.) -- 3.2.21 Storage Tanks -- 3.2.22 Heat Exchanger Tube Bundles -- 3.2.23 Furnaces -- 3.2.24 Piping -- 3.2.25 Low-Temperature Piping -- 3.2.26 Corrosion-Resistant Piping -- 3.2.27 Corrosion-Resistant Valves -- 3.2.28 Flare Systems -- 3.2.29 Rotating Machinery -- 3.2.30 Special Material Requirements in Petrochemical Plants -- 3.2.31 Supplemental Requirements for Equipment in Sour Service -- 3.2.32 Carbon Steel -- 3.2.33 Fabrication Requirements -- Chapter 4 Engineering Materials -- 4.1 The Range of Materials -- 4.2 Properties of Engineering Materials -- 4.3 Corrosion Prevention Measures -- 4.3.1 Cathodic Protection -- 4.3.2 Coating, Painting, and Lining Materials -- 4.3.3 Inhibitors -- 4.4 Material Selection Procedure -- 4.5 Guidelines on Material Selection -- 4.6 Procedure for Material Selection -- 4.7 Process Parameters -- 4.8 Corrosion Rate and Corrosion Allowances -- 4.8.1 Calculation -- 4.8.2 Corrosion Study by Literature Survey -- 4.8.3 Corrosion Tests -- 4.9 Corrosion Allowance -- 4.10 Selection of Corrosion-Resistance Alloys -- 4.11 Economics in Material Selection -- 4.11.1 Cost-Effective Selection -- 4.11.2 Economic Evaluation Techniques -- 4.12 Materials Appreciation and Optimization -- 4.13 Corrosion in Oil and Gas Products -- 4.14 Engineering Materials -- 4.14.1 Ferrous Alloys -- 4.14.2 Carbon Steels -- 4.14.3 Surface Hardening -- 4.14.4 Alloy Steels -- 4.15 Cast Iron -- 4.15.1 Malleable Irons -- 4.15.2 Alloy Cast Irons -- 4.16 Non-Ferrous Metals -- 4.16.1 Aluminum -- 4.16.2 Copper -- 4.16.3 Lead and its Alloys -- 4.16.4 Nickel -- 4.16.5 Titanium -- 4.17 Polymers -- 4.17.1 Thermoplastics -- 4.17.2 Elastomers.

4.17.3 Thermosetting Materials -- 4.18 Ceramics and Glasses -- 4.19 Composite Materials -- 4.19.1 Timber and Plywood -- 4.19.2 Fiber-Reinforced Materials -- 4.19.3 Sandwich Structures -- Chapter 5 Chemical Control of Corrosive Environments -- 5.1 General Requirements and Rules for Corrosion Control -- 5.1.1 Corrosion Inhibitors -- 5.1.2 Types of Inhibitor -- 5.2 Basic Types of Inhibitors and How They Work -- 5.2.1 Polarization Diagrams -- 5.2.2 Types of Inhibitor -- 5.3 Corrosive Environments -- 5.3.1 Aqueous Systems -- 5.3.2 Strong Acids -- 5.3.3 Non-Aqueous Systems -- 5.3.4 Gaseous Environments -- 5.3.5 Effect of Elevated Temperatures -- 5.4 Techniques for the Application of Inhibitors -- 5.4.1 Continuous Injection -- 5.4.2 Batch Treatment -- 5.4.3 Squeeze Treatment -- 5.4.4 Volatilization -- 5.4.5 Coatings -- 5.5 Inhibitor Mechanisms -- 5.5.1 Neutralizing Inhibitors -- 5.5.2 Filming Inhibitors -- 5.5.3 Scavengers -- 5.5.4 Miscellaneous Inhibitors -- 5.6 Criteria for Corrosion Control by Inhibitors -- 5.7 System Condition -- 5.8 Selection of Inhibitors -- 5.8.1 Procedure for Selection -- 5.9 Economics of Inhibition -- 5.10 Environmental Factors for Corrosion Inhibitor Applications -- 5.10.1 Aqueous Systems -- 5.10.2 Effects of Various Dissolved Species -- 5.10.3 Gaseous Environments -- Chapter 6 Requirements for Corrosion Control in the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries -- 6.1 Exploration -- 6.1.1 Factors Important in Corrosion Attack During Drilling and Their Control -- 6.1.2 Some Problems Related to Water-Based Fluids and Their Control -- 6.1.3 Techniques to Control Corrosion in Drilling Operations -- 6.2 Production -- 6.2.1 Characteristics of Oil and Gas Wells -- 6.2.2 Oil Wells -- 6.2.3 Gas Wells -- 6.2.4 Offshore Production.

6.3 System Requirements for Corrosion Control of Oil Fields by Inhibitors -- 6.3.1 Pipelines and Flow Lines -- 6.3.2 Production Systems -- 6.3.3 Other Factors Affecting Corrosion Inhibitor Requirements -- 6.4 Types of Inhibitor -- 6.5 Selection of Inhibitor -- 6.6 Measurement -- 6.7 Factors Governing Oil Well Corrosion -- 6.8 Application of Inhibitor -- 6.8.1 Gas Condensate and Flowing Oil Wells -- 6.8.2 Gas Lift Wells -- 6.8.3 Pumping Wells -- 6.8.4 Gas Pipelines -- 6.9 Water Flooding and Water Disposal -- 6.10 Transportation and Storage -- 6.10.1 Corrosion Control by Inhibitor -- 6.11 Biological Control in Oil and Gas Systems -- 6.11.1 Culture and Identification -- 6.11.2 Scales and Deposits -- 6.11.3 Chemical Control -- 6.12 Scale Control in Oil Systems -- 6.12.1 The Formation of Scale -- 6.12.2 Oilfield Scales -- 6.12.3 Preventing Scale Formation -- 6.12.4 Relative Effectiveness of Scale Control Chemicals -- 6.12.5 Types of Scale Inhibitor -- 6.12.6 Identification of Scale -- 6.12.7 Predicting Scale Formation by Calculation -- Chapter 7 Corrosion Inhibitors in Refineries and Petrochemical Plants -- 7.1 Nature of Corrosive Fluids -- 7.1.1 Gas Phase -- 7.1.2 Liquid Hydrocarbon Phase -- 7.1.3 Liquid Aqueous Phase -- 7.2 Corrosion of Steel -- 7.3 Corrosion of Copper Alloys -- 7.4 Neutralizing Corrosion Inhibitors -- 7.5 Filming Inhibitors -- 7.6 Special Concepts in the Use of Corrosion Inhibitors in Refineries -- 7.6.1 Temperature Limitations -- 7.6.2 Insufficient Concentration -- 7.6.3 Surfactant Properties of Inhibitors -- 7.7 Economic Aspects of Chemical Inhibition and Other Measures for Corrosion Prevention -- 7.7.1 Altering the Metal -- 7.7.2 Corrosion Prevention Barriers -- 7.7.3 Altering the Corrosive Environment.

7.8 Special Refinery Processes Amenable to Corrosion Inhibitors.