Table of Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Zeno -- 1.1 The Achilles -- 1.2 The Arrow -- 1.3 The Dichotomy -- 1.4 Aristotle's Solution -- 1.5 Plato's Why -- 1.6 The Indirect Why -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2. Socrates -- 2.1 Self-Criticism -- 2.2 The Criticism of Others -- 2.3 Paradoxes -- 2.4 Definitions -- 2.5 Self-Consistency -- 2.6 Innateness -- 2.7 Immortality -- 2.8 Utopia or Dystopia -- 2.9 God -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3. Kant -- 3.1 The Antinomies -- 3.2 Regulative Reasoning -- 3.3. Autonomy and Heteronomy -- 3.4 The Paralogisms -- 3.5 Kant's Plato -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4. Marx -- 4.1 The Humanistic Dialectic -- 4.2 The Materialistic Dialectic -- 4.3 The "Marxists" -- Further Reading -- Appendix A. Popper -- Appendix B. The Frankfurt School -- Bibliography -- Names Index -- page32 -- page105 -- 08 -- a14.