Introduction to Industrial Polypropylene: Properties, Catalysts, Processes -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Preface -- 1 Introduction to Polymers of Propylene -- 1.1 Origins of Crystalline Polypropylene -- 1.2 Basic Description of Polypropylene -- 1.3 Types and Nomenclature of Polypropylene -- 1.4 Molecular Weight of Polypropylene -- 1.5 Transition Metal Catalysts for Propylene Polymerization -- 1.6 Questions -- References -- 2 Polymer Characterization -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Polymer Tacticity -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Measurement of Polymer Microtacticity by 13C NMR -- 2.2.3 Total Isotactic Index -- 2.2.4 Total Xylene Insolubles -- 2.3 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Gel Permeation Chromatography -- 2.3.3 Intrinsic Viscosity -- 2.3.4 Melt Flow Rate -- 2.4 Polymer Bulk Density -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Measurement Method -- 2.5 Particle Size Distribution and Morphology -- 2.5.1 Introduction -- 2.5.2 Measurement Method -- 2.6 Questions -- References -- 3 Ziegler-Natta Catalysts -- 3.1 A Brief History of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts -- 3.2 Definitions and Nomenclature -- 3.3 Characteristics of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts -- 3.4 Early Commercial Ziegler-Natta Catalysts -- 3.5 Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalysts -- 3.6 Prepolymerized Ziegler-Natta Catalysts -- 3.7 Mechanism of Ziegler-Natta Polymerization -- 3.8 Questions and Exercises -- References -- 4 Propylene Polymerization Catalysts -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Zero Generation Ziegler-Natta Catalysts -- 4.3 First Generation ZN Catalysts -- 4.4 Second Generation ZN Catalysts -- 4.5 Third Generation ZN Catalysts -- 4.6 Fourth Generation ZN Catalysts -- 4.7 Fifth Generation ZN Catalysts -- 4.8 ZN Catalysts for Atactic Polypropylene -- 4.9 Metallocenes and Other Single Site Catalysts -- 4.10 Cocatalysts for ZN Catalysts.

4.11 Kinetics and ZN Catalyst Productivity -- 4.12 Concluding Remarks -- 4.13 Questions -- References -- 5 Aluminum Alkyls in Ziegler-Natta Catalysts -- 5.1 Organometallic Compounds -- 5.2 Characteristics of Aluminum Alkyls -- 5.2.1 Basic Physical and Chemical Properties -- 5.2.2 Hydride Content -- 5.2.3 Other R3A1 Impurities -- 5.2.4 Analysis of Aluminum Alkyls -- 5.2.5 Impurities Resulting from Exposure to Minute Concentrations of Water and Oxygen -- 5.2.6 Assays of Aluminum Alkyls -- 5.2.7 Reactivity with Organic Substrates -- 5.2.8 Reactivity with CO2 and CO -- 5.2.9 Distillation -- 5.2.10 Association of Aluminum Alkyls -- 5.2.11 Storage Stability -- 5.2.12 Thermal Stability -- 5.3 Production of Aluminum Alkyls -- 5.4 Reducing Agent for the Transition Metal -- 5.5 Alkylating Agent for Creation of Active Centers -- 5.6 Scavenger of Catalyst Poisons -- 5.7 Chain Transfer Agent -- 5.8 Safety and Handling of Aluminum Alkyls -- 5.9 Questions -- References -- 6 Single Site Catalysts and Cocatalysts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Structures of Metallocenes and SSCs -- 6.3 Non-Metallocene Polymerization Catalysts -- 6.4 Cocatalysts for SSCs -- 6.4.1 Aluminoxanes -- 6.4.2 Organoboron Cocatalysts -- 6.4.3 Activated Supports -- 6.5 Supports for SSCs -- 6.6 Characteristics of mPP -- 6.7 Selected Applications of mPP Resins -- 6.7.1 Medical Applications -- 6.7.2 Thin Wall Food Containers -- 6.7.3 High Clarity Bottles for Personal Care -- 6.7.4 Waxes -- 6.7.5 New Resins from Hybrid Catalysts to Make Polypropylene Alloys -- 6.8 Metallocene Synthesis -- 6.9 Syndiotactic Polypropylene -- 6.10 Commercial Reality and Concluding Remarks -- 6.11 Questions -- References -- 7 Catalyst Manufacture -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Development of the Manufacturing Process -- 7.3 Chemistry of Catalyst Manufacture -- 7.4 Raw Materials Storage and Handling.

7.5 Catalyst Preparation -- 7.6 Catalyst Drying -- 7.7 Catalyst Packaging -- 7.8 Recovery and Recycle of Spent Solvents -- 7.9 Prepolymerization at the Catalyst Manufacturing Plant -- 7.10 Plant Size -- 7.11 Site Safety -- 7.12 Quality Control and Specifications -- 7.13 Diagram of a Hypothetical Plant -- 7.14 Custom Manufacture -- 7.15 Brief Consideration of Metallocene Catalyst Manufacture -- 7.16 Concluding Remarks -- 7.17 Questions -- References -- 8 An Overview of Industrial Polypropylene Processes -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Slurry (Suspension) Processes -- 8.3 Bulk ("Liquid Pool") Process -- 8.4 "Loop Slurry" Process (Chevron Phillips Chemical) -- 8.5 Gas Phase Processes -- 8.6 Solution Process -- 8.7 Hybrid Processes -- 8.8 Kinetics and Reactivity Ratios -- 8.9 Emergency Stoppage of Polymerization -- 8.10 Questions -- References -- 9 Laboratory Catalyst Synthesis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 General Synthesis Requirements -- 9.3 Equipment Requirements -- 9.4 Synthesis Schedule -- 9.5 Handling TiCl4 -- 9.6 Handling Diethylaluminum Chloride -- 9.7 Spent Liquids -- 9.8 Synthetic Procedure for Fourth Generation Supported Catalyst -- 9.8.1 Introduction -- 9.8.2 Procedure -- 9.9 Synthetic Procedure for Second Generation Precipitated TiCL, Catalyst -- 9.9.1 Introduction -- 9.9.2 Procedure -- 9.10 Catalyst Analysis -- 9.11 Questions -- References -- 10 Polymerization Catalyst Testing -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Facility Requirements -- 10.3 The Autoclave -- 10.4 Key Equipment Items -- 10.5 Raw Materials -- 10.6 Polymerization Conditions -- 10.7 Autoclave Preparation -- 10.8 Polymerization Test Procedure -- 10.9 Reproducibility -- 10.10 Testing Metallocene Catalysts -- 10.11 Questions -- References -- 11 Downstream Aspects of Polypropylene -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Additives -- 11.3 Fabrication Methods -- 11.4 Biopolymers -- 11.5 Environmental.

11.6 Questions -- References -- 12 Overview of Polypropylene Markets -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Supply Chain for Polypropylene -- 12.3 The Global Polypropylene Market -- 12.4 Questions -- References -- 13 The Future of Polypropylene -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Key Growth Markets for Polypropylene -- 13.3 Polypropylene and Free Markets -- 13.4 Questions -- References -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- Appendix C -- Index.