UNDERNUTRITION: EFFECTS, CAUSES AND MANAGEMENT -- UNDERNUTRITION: EFFECTS, CAUSES AND MANAGEMENT -- Contents -- Preface -- Reproductive Programming: The Role of Early Life Nutrition -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Programming of HPG Axis -- Animal Studies -- Human Studies -- Programming of the Timing of Puberty -- Animal Studies -- Human Studies -- Conclusion -- References -- Maternal Perinatal Undernutrition Programs Stress Neuroendocrine Systems in the Male Rat -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Ontogeny of Stress Neuroendocrine Systems -- Sympatho-Adrenal System -- Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis -- Consequences of Perinatal Environmental Perturbations on Neuroendocrine Systems -- Effects of FR50 on Stress Neuroendocrine Systems in Male Rats at Weaning -- Sympatho-Adrenal System Activity -- Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity -- Effects of FR50 on Stress Neuroendocrine Systems in 8-Month-Old Male Rats -- Sympatho-Adrenal System Activity -- Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Effects of Maternal Undernutrition on Lung Growth and Development in the Offspring -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview of Lung Development -- 3. Effects of Maternal Undernutrition on Lung Growth and Surfactant System -- 3.1. Effects of Maternal Undernutrition on Body Weight, Lung Weight, and Lung Volume in the Offspring -- 3.2. Effects of Maternal Undernutrition on Surfactant and Surfactant Protein in the Offspring -- 4. Effects of Maternal Undernutrition -- on Insulin-Like Growth Factor System -- in the Offspring -- 5. Effects of Maternal Undernutrition -- on Lung Morphometry -- 6. The Mechanisms by which Maternal Undernutrition Induces Fetal Programming -- on Lung Development -- 7. Summary -- References.

Undernutrition from Fetal Life to Puberty, Fetal Programming and Compensatory Growth in Rat Testes -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Morphometry -- PCNA Labelling Index -- Semiquantitative Evaluation of PCNA Immunoreactivity -- Statistical Analysis -- Results -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Does Educational Attainment Affect Nutritional Status? A Study among Underprivileged Adults of Six Districts of West Bengal, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Sample and Study Area -- Anthropometric Measurements and Information on Education -- Evaluation of Nutritional Status -- Statistical Analyses -- Results -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Prevalence of Thinness among Rural Bengalee Muslim School Children from Eastern India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Location and Subjects -- Anthropometry and Assessment of Thinness -- Results -- Anthropometric Characteristics -- Nutritional Status -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Long-Term Effects of Early Undernutrition on Wound Healing -- Abstract -- Wound Healing and Undernutrition -- Experimental Studies on Wound Healing -- Histopathology of Wound Healing -- Control of Wound Healing -- Cytokines and Growth Factors -- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) -- Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) -- Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) -- Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-() -- Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) -- Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF) -- Vascular-Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) -- Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) -- Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) -- References -- Effects of Protein Deprivation on the Temporomandibular Joint -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Effects of Undernutrition on the Repair Process.

2.1. Particularities for Bone, Muscle, and Cartilage in Joint Fracture -- 3. Anatomy of the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) -- 4. The Physiology of Fracture Healing in the TMJ Under Normal Nutritional Conditions -- 5. Effects of Protein Deprivation in the Healing of Fractured TMJ Observed in Experimental Studies -- 5.1. General Aspect -- 5.2. Body Mass Index and Level of Blood Constituents as Markers of Undernutrition -- 5.3. Effects on Hematopoietic Bone Marrow -- 5.4. Effects on Masticatory Muscles -- 5.5. Orthognathic Alterations -- 6. Nutritional Conditions of Patients with TMJ Fracture -- 7. Craniofacial Growth and Undernutrition -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.