Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Insights into Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials: From Nanoscience to Catalysis, Separation, Optics, Energy, and Life Science -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Synthesis Strategies to Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials -- 1.3 Emerging Applications of Hierarchically Structural Porous Materials -- 1.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Hierarchy in Natural Materials -- 2.1 Natural Materials as a Source of Inspiration in Materials Science -- 2.2 Hierarchies Based on Fiber Architectures -- 2.3 Liquid Crystalline Assemblies, Clues to Mimic Hierarchical Structures -- 2.4 Mineralized Biological Tissues, Models for Hybrid Materials -- 2.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II Synthesis Strategies to Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials -- 3 Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials by Dually Micellar Templating Approach -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Nanocasting - True Liquid Crystalline Templating -- 3.2.1 Surfactants and Block Copolymer Mesophases as Templates -- 3.2.2 Ionic Liquids as Templates -- 3.3 Basics of Micellization -- 3.3.1 The Driving Force for Micellization - Hydrophobic Effect -- 3.3.2 Thermodynamics of Micelle Formation -- 3.4 Mixed Surfactant Solutions -- 3.4.1 Mixed Surfactant Systems at Higher Concentrations -- 3.5 Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Concentrated Aqueous Surfactant Mixtures - Hierarchical Mesoporous Structures -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Colloidal Crystal Templating Approaches to Materials with Hierarchical Porosity -- 4.1 Introduction and Historical Overview -- 4.1.1 Opals and Colloidal Crystals -- 4.1.2 Inverse Opals and Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Materials -- 4.2 The Preparation of 3DOM Materials -- 4.2.1 Monodisperse Colloidal Spheres.

4.2.2 Methods to Assemble Colloidal Crystals -- 4.2.3 Infiltration and Processing Routes -- 4.3 3DOM Materials with Intrinsic Secondary Porosity -- 4.3.1 Porosity Produced in Sol-Gel Syntheses -- 4.3.2 Textural Mesopores in Nanocrystalline Walls -- 4.3.3 Porosity in Carbon Materials -- 4.3.4 Using Nanocomposites to Generate Porosity -- 4.3.5 Porosity in 3DOM Clay Minerals -- 4.4 Hierarchical Materials from Multimodal Colloidal Crystal Templates -- 4.4.1 Templates from Combinations of Polymer Spheres with Similar Sizes -- 4.4.2 Templates from Combinations of Polymer Spheres and Small Silica Colloids -- 4.4.3 Heterostructured Colloidal Crystal Templates -- 4.5 Hierarchical Materials from Combinations of Soft and Colloidal Crystal Templating -- 4.5.1 Colloidal Crystal Templated Zeolites -- 4.5.2 Introduction to Soft Templating of Mesopores -- 4.5.3 Hierarchical Silica Structures -- 4.5.3.1 Cationic Surfactant Templates -- 4.5.3.2 Nonionic Surfactant Templates -- 4.5.3.3 Ionic-Liquid Surfactant Templates -- 4.5.4 Hierarchical Carbon-Containing Structures -- 4.5.4.1 Pure Carbon Structures -- 4.5.4.2 Carbon-Silica Composites and Derived Structures -- 4.5.5 Hierarchical Alumina Structures -- 4.5.6 Hierarchical Structures Containing Other Compounds -- 4.5.7 Structures Synthesized via Multiple Hard and Soft Templates -- 4.5.8 Formation and Structure of Mesopores Confined in Colloidal Crystals -- 4.5.9 Disassembly and Reassembly of 3DOM/m Materials -- 4.6 Hierarchical Opals and Related Structures -- 4.6.1 Monodisperse Mesoporous Silica Spheres -- 4.6.2 Self-Assembled Hierarchical Silica, Carbon, and Tin Oxide Opals -- 4.6.3 3DOM Zeolites from Hierarchical Silica Opals -- 4.6.4 Encapsulated Non-Close-Packed Hierarchical Opal -- 4.6.5 Inverse Opals as Templates for Hierarchical Opals -- 4.7 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References.

5 Templating of Macroporous or Swollen Macrostructured Polymers -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Macroporous Polymer Gels Formed in Amphiphile Solutions -- 5.3 Macroporous Starch or Agarose Gels -- 5.4 Polymer Foams -- 5.5 Polymeric Films and Fibrous Mats -- 5.6 Polymer Spheres -- 5.7 Closing Remarks -- References -- 6 Bioinspired Approach to Synthesizing Hierarchical Porous Materials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Hierarchical Porous Materials from Biotemplates -- 6.2.1 Plant Parts as Templates -- 6.2.2 Cell and Bacteria as Templates -- 6.2.3 Saccharide as Templates -- 6.2.4 Diatomaceous Earth as Templates -- 6.2.5 Eggshell as Templates -- 6.3 Hierarchical Porous Materials from the Biomimetic Process -- 6.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 7 Porous Materials by Templating of Small Liquid Drops -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Emulsion Templating -- 7.2.1 HIPE Templating for Hydrophilic Polymers and Related Materials -- 7.2.1.1 O/W HIPEs -- 7.2.1.2 C/W HIPEs -- 7.2.1.3 Related Materials -- 7.2.2 Microemulsion Templating -- 7.2.3 Freeze-Drying of Emulsions -- 7.3 Breath Figures Templating -- 7.3.1 Breath Figures -- 7.3.2 Polymer -- 7.3.2.1 General Polymers -- 7.3.2.2 Proteins Related -- 7.3.2.3 Modification of Film Casting and Evaporation Process -- 7.3.3 Particles -- 7.3.3.1 Polymer + Nanoparticles -- 7.3.3.2 Nanoparticles Only -- 7.3.4 Posttreatment of BF-Templated Films -- 7.3.4.1 Cross-linking -- 7.3.4.2 Carbonization -- 7.3.4.3 Calcination -- 7.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further Reading -- 8 Hierarchically Porous Materials by Phase Separation: Monoliths -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Background and Concepts -- 8.2.1 Polymerization-Induced Phase Separation in Oxide Sol Gels -- 8.2.2 Structure Formation Paralleled with Sol-Gel Transition -- 8.2.3 Macropore Control -- 8.2.4 Mesopore Control.

8.3 Examples of Materials with Controlled Macro/Mesopores -- 8.3.1 Pure Silica -- 8.3.1.1 Typical Synthesis Conditions -- 8.3.1.2 Additional Mesopore Formation by Aging -- 8.3.1.3 Hierarchically Porous Monoliths -- 8.3.1.4 Supramolecular Templating of Mesopores -- 8.3.1.5 Applications -- 8.3.2 Siloxane-Based Organic-Inorganic Hybrids -- 8.3.2.1 Network from Precursors Containing the Trialkoxysilyl Group -- 8.3.2.2 Hierarchical Pores in an MTMS-Derived Network -- 8.3.2.3 Network from Bridged Alkoxysilanes -- 8.3.2.4 Conversion into Porous SiC Ceramics and Carbon Monoliths -- 8.3.3 Titania and Zirconia -- 8.3.3.1 Choice of Starting Compounds -- 8.3.3.2 Controls over Reactivity -- 8.3.3.3 Applications -- 8.3.4 Alumina and Aluminates from an Ionic Source -- 8.3.4.1 Epoxide-Mediated Gel Formation into Macroporous Monoliths -- 8.3.4.2 Extension to Complex Oxides -- 8.3.4.3 Extension to Phosphates -- 8.3.5 Highly Cross-linked Organic-Polymer System -- 8.3.5.1 Divinylbenzene Monoliths -- 8.3.5.2 Acrylates and Other Networks -- 8.3.5.3 Conversion into Carbon Monoliths -- 8.4 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Feature Synthesis of Hierarchically Porous Materials Based on Green Easy-Leaching Concept -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials Synthesized by Easy-Leaching Air Templates -- 9.3 Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials Synthesized by Easy-Leaching Ice Template -- 9.3.1 Ceramics -- 9.3.2 Polymer -- 9.3.3 Hydrogels (Silica) -- 9.3.4 Composites -- 9.3.5 Development of Methodology -- 9.4 Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials Synthesized by Easy Selective-Leaching Method -- 9.5 Other Easy-Leaching Concepts in the Synthesis of Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials -- 9.5.1 Three-Dimensional Meso-Macrostructured Spongelike Silica Membranes by Inorganic Salts.

9.5.2 Biomodal Mesoporous Silicas by Dilute Electrolytes -- 9.5.3 Hierarchical Bioactive Porous Silica Gels by Gas Templating -- 9.5.4 Hierarchically Porous Materials by Chemical Etching -- 9.5.5 Hierarchically Porous Materials by Sublimation -- 9.6 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Integrative Chemistry Routes toward Advanced Functional Hierarchical Foams -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Organic-Inorganic PolyHIPEs Prepared from Water-in-Oil Emulsions -- 10.2.1 Non-Chemically Bonded (Class I) Hybrid PolyHIPEs -- 10.2.1.1 Inorganic Precursor in the HIPE Aqueous Phase -- 10.2.1.2 Metal Particle Generation onto PolyHIPE Surface -- 10.2.1.3 Nanocomposites -- 10.2.1.4 Organic-Inorganic Interpenetrating Networks -- 10.2.1.5 Hard Template Replica -- 10.2.2 Chemically Bonded (Class II) Hybrid PolyHIPEs -- 10.2.2.1 Inorganic-Organic Precursor's Copolymerization -- 10.2.2.2 Organic-Organometallic Precursors Copolymerization -- 10.2.2.3 Organometallic PolyHIPE Functionalization -- 10.3 Organic-Inorganic PolyHIPEs Prepared from Direct Emulsions -- 10.3.1 Functional Organic-Inorganic PolyHIPEs -- 10.3.1.1 Silica Foams (Si-HIPE) -- 10.3.1.2 Eu3+@Organo-Si(HIPE) Macro-Mesocellular Hybrid Foams Generation and Photonic Properties -- 10.3.1.3 Pd@Organo-Si(HIPE) Hybrid Monoliths: Generation Offering Cycling Heck Catalysis Reactions -- 10.3.1.4 Enzyme@Organo-Si(HIPE) Hybrid Monoliths: Highly Efficient Biocatalysts -- 10.3.2 Si(HIPE) as Hard Template to Carbonaceous Foams and Applications -- 10.3.2.1 From Si(HIPE) to Carbon(HIPE) and Their Use as Li-Ion Negative Electrodes -- 10.3.2.2 From Carbon(HIPE) to LiBH4@Carbon(HIPE) for Hydrogen Storage and Release Properties -- 10.4 Particles-Stabilized PolyHIPE -- 10.4.1 Water-in-Oil Pickering Emulsions -- 10.4.2 Oil-in-Water Pickering Emulsion -- 10.5 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References.

11 Hierarchically Structured Porous Coatings and Membranes.