Intro -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Introduction of the Hanzelijn Archaeological Project -- 1.1 Organisation -- 1.2 The archaeological project -- 1.3 Knowledge Development Program Archaeology Hanzelijn 2012‑2020 -- 1.4 Some retrospective remarks -- 1.5 Acknowledgements -- 1.6 In memoriam Dr. Karen E. Waugh -- The cradle of the Swifterbant culture -- 50 years of archaeological investigations in the province of Flevoland -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 History of the polders -- 2.3 Research traditions in the polder -- 2.4 Research topics and approaches -- 2.5 The positioning of the Swifterbant culture -- 2.6 Archaeology and the public -- 2.7 Conclusions -- Hidden landscapes -- Mapping and evaluating deeply buried remains of human activity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Climate, sea level rise and the structure of the subsurface -- 3.2.1 Overview of developments -- 3.2.2 Sea-level and groundwater-level rise in Flevoland -- 3.2.3 The structure of the subsurface -- 3.3 The character and quality of archaeological remains -- 3.3.1 Differences in character -- 3.3.2 Differences in preservation -- 3.4 Mapping hidden landscape units -- 3.4.1 Site versus landscape perspective -- 3.4.2 The practice of field surveys -- 3.5 The identification of sites: on statistics and indicators -- 3.5.1 The statistical uncertainty of sampling -- 3.5.2 Indicators as evidence of the presence of sites -- 3.6 Excavations: windows on the past -- 3.7 Conclusions -- Exploiting a changing landscape: subsistence, habitation and skills -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Taphonomy and analysis: the representativeness and interpretive value of find assemblages -- 4.3 Wild and domesticated mammals as sources of food -- 4.4 Fishing in a drowning landscape -- 4.5 Birds in the diet -- 4.6 Plant resources in the food economy -- 4.6.1 Wild plants -- 4.6.2 Cultivated crops -- 4.6.3 Cultivation.

4.7 Food preparation and consumption -- 4.7.1 Animal foods -- 4.7.2 Plant food sources -- 4.7.3 Consumption -- 4.8 Resources and technology -- 4.8.1 Availability of and animal resources -- 4.8.2 Use and selection of plant resources -- 4.8.3 The utilisation of animal resources -- 4.8.4 Origin of lithic materials -- 4.8.5 Use of flint and other lithic material -- 4.8.6 Pottery production -- 4.8.7 Wood tar production? -- 4.9 Habitation patterns -- 4.9.1 Mesolithic -- 4.9.2 Swifterbant, Pre-Drouwen and Funnel Beaker occupation -- 4.9.3 Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age -- 4.9.4 People on the move -- 4.10 Conclusions -- People, ritual and meaning -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Burial practice -- 5.2.1 Introduction -- 5.2.2 Late Mesolithic and Early Swifterbant -- 5.2.3 Classical Swifterbant and Pre-Drouwen -- 5.2.4 Late Neolithic -- 5.2.5 Conclusions -- 5.3 Other cultural practices with human bones -- 5.4 Depositions -- 5.5 Materiality -- 5.6 Conclusions -- From land to water -- Geomorphological, hydrological and ecological developments in Flevoland from the Late Glacial to the end of the Subboreal -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study of the history of the Flevoland landscape in broad outline -- 6.3 Landscape dynamics in Flevoland -- 6.3.1 Late Glacial: c. 12,500 - 9800 cal. BC (Late Palaeolithic) -- 6.3.2 Preboreal: c. 9800 - 8200 cal. BC (Early and start of Middle Mesolithic) -- 6.3.3 Boreal: 8200 - 7000 cal. BC (Middle Mesolithic) -- 6.3.4 Early Atlantic : 7000 - 6000 cal. BC (Middle and early Late Mesolithic) -- 6.3.5 Middle and Late Atlantic : 6000 - 3700 cal. BC (Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic) -- 6.3.6 Subboreal: c. 3700 - 1100 cal. BC (Middle Neolithic - Late Bronze Age) -- 6.4 A new view of the landscape -- 6.4.1 Pine woodlands and heathlands in the Atlantic (7000 - 3700 cal. BC).

6.4.2 No salt marshes or tides in the Late Atlantic (5000 - 3700 cal. BC) -- 6.4.3 Lakes and large-scale peat accumulation in the Subboreal (circa 3700 - 1100 cal. BC) -- 6.5 Three windows of observation -- 6.5.1 Zuidelijk Flevoland: Hoge Vaart-Eem microregion between 7000 and 4000 cal. BC -- 6.5.2 Oostelijk Flevoland: Swifterbant microregion between 8300 and 3700 BC -- 6.5.3 Noordoostpolder: Schokland-Urk microregion between 5000 and 1250 cal. BC -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Transformations in a forager and farmer landscape -- A cultural biography of prehistoric Flevoland -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The landscape as a source of subsistence -- 7.3 Cultural structuration of the environment -- 7.4 Socio-cultural relationships -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Appendix I. Site Atlas Windows of observation -- The quality, nature and context of excavated prehistoric sites in Flevoland: site atlas -- I.1 Introduction -- I.2 Zuidelijk Flevoland -- I.2.1 Almere - Hoge Vaart/A27 -- I.2.2 Almere - Europakwartier Site 7 -- I.2.3 Almere - Zwaanpad -- I.2.4 Zeewolde - Oz35/Oz36 -- I.3 Oostelijk Flevoland -- I.3.1 Dronten N23/N307 - Site 5 -- I.3.2 Hanzelijn - Area VIII -- I.3.3 Hanzelijn - Drontermeer Tunnel (area XVI) -- I.3.4 Swifterbant Cluster -- I.4 Noordoostpolder -- I.4.1 Emmeloord J97 -- I.4.2 Schokkerhaven-E170 -- I.4.3 Schokland P14 -- I.4.4 Urk - E4 -- Appendix II. Glossary plant species -- Literature -- Blank Page.