Metal-Fluorocarbon Based Energetic Materials -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- 1 Introduction to Pyrolants -- References -- 2 History -- 2.1 Organometallic Beginning -- 2.2 Explosive & Obscurant Properties -- 2.3 Rise of Fluorocarbons -- 2.4 Rockets Fired Against Aircraft -- 2.5 Metal/Fluorocarbon Pyrolants -- References -- Further Reading -- 3 Properties of Fluorocarbons -- 3.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) -- 3.2 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) -- 3.3 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) -- 3.4 Polycarbon Monofluoride (PMF) -- 3.5 Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropene Copolymer -- 3.5.1 LFC-1 -- 3.6 Vinylidene Fluoride-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer -- 3.7 Copolymer of TFE and VDF -- 3.8 Terpolymers of TFE, HFP and VDF -- 3.9 Summary of chemical and physical properties of common fluoropolymers -- References -- 4 Thermochemical and Physical Properties of Metals and their Fluorides -- References -- 5 Reactivity and Thermochemistry of Selected Metal/Fluorocarbon Systems -- 5.1 Lithium -- 5.2 Magnesium -- 5.3 Titanium -- 5.4 Zirconium -- 5.5 Hafnium -- 5.6 Niob -- 5.7 Tantalum -- 5.8 Zinc -- 5.9 Cadmium -- 5.10 Boron -- 5.11 Aluminium -- 5.12 Silicon -- 5.13 Calcium Silicide -- 5.14 Tin -- References -- 6 Ignition and Combustion Mechanism of MTV -- 6.1 Ignition and Pre-Ignition of Metal/Fluorocarbon Pyrolants -- 6.2 Magnesium-Grignard Hypothesis -- References -- 7 Ignition of MTV -- References -- 8 Combustion -- 8.1 Magnesium/Teflon/Viton -- 8.1.1 Pressure Effects on the Burn Rate -- 8.1.2 Particle Size Distribution and Surface Area Effects on the Burn Rate -- 8.2 Porosity -- 8.3 Burn Rate Description -- 8.4 Combustion of Metal-Fluorocarbon Pyrolants with Fuels Other than Magnesium -- 8.4.1 Magnesium Hydride -- 8.4.2 Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal -- 8.4.2.1 Lithium -- 8.4.2.2 Magnesium-Aluminium Alloy -- 8.4.3 Titan.

8.4.4 Zirconium -- 8.4.5 Zinc -- 8.4.6 Boron -- 8.4.7 Magnesium Boride, MgB2 -- 8.4.8 Aluminium -- 8.4.9 Silicon -- 8.4.10 Silicides -- 8.4.10.1 Dimagnesium Silicide, Mg2Si -- 8.4.10.2 Calcium Disilicide -- 8.4.10.3 Zirconium Disilicide -- 8.4.11 Tungsten-Zirconium Alloy -- 8.5 Underwater Combustion -- References -- 9 Spectroscopy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 UV-VIS Spectra -- 9.2.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene Combustion -- 9.2.2 Magnesium/Fluorocarbon Pyrolants -- 9.2.3 MgH2, MgB2, Mg3N2, Mg2Si/Mg3Al2/Fluorocarbon Based pyrolants -- 9.2.4 Silicon/PTFE Based Pyrolants -- 9.2.5 Boron/PTFE/Viton Based Pyrolants -- 9.3 MWIR Spectra -- 9.3.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene Combustion -- 9.3.2 Magnesium/Fluorocarbon Combustion -- 9.3.3 MgH2, MgB2, Mg3N2, Mg2Si/Fluorocarbon Based Pyrolants -- 9.3.4 Si/Fluorocarbon Based Pyrolants -- 9.3.5 Boron/PTFE/Viton Based Pyrolants -- 9.4 Temperature Determination -- 9.4.1 Condensed-Phase Temperature -- 9.4.2 Gas-Phase Temperature -- References -- 10 Infrared Emitters -- 10.1 Decoy Flares -- 10.2 Nonexpendable Flares -- 10.2.1 Target Augmentation -- 10.2.2 Missile Tracking Flares -- 10.3 Metal-Fluorocarbon Flare Combustion Flames as Sources of Radiation -- 10.3.1 Flame Structure and Morphology -- 10.3.2 Radiation of MTV -- 10.4 Infrared Compositions -- 10.4.1 Inherent Effects -- 10.4.1.1 Influence of Stoichiometry -- 10.4.2 Spectral Flare Compositions -- 10.4.3 Particle Size Issues -- 10.4.4 Geometrical Aspects -- 10.5 Operational Effects -- 10.5.1 Altitude Effects -- 10.5.2 Windspeed Effects -- 10.6 Outlook -- References -- 11 Obscurants -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions in Aerosol Generation -- 11.2.1 Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions as an Exclusive Aerosol Source -- 11.2.2 Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions to Trigger Aerosol Release -- 11.2.2.1 Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions to Trigger Soot Formation.

11.2.2.2 Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions to Trigger Phosphorus Vaporisation -- References -- 12 Igniters -- References -- 13 Incendiaries, Agent Defeat, Reactive Fragments and Detonation Phenomena -- 13.1 Incendiaries -- 13.2 Curable Fluorocarbon Resin-Based Compositions -- 13.3 Document Destruction -- 13.4 Agent Defeat -- 13.5 Reactive Fragments -- 13.6 Shockwave Loading of Metal-Fluorocarbons and Detonation-Like Phenomena -- References -- Further Reading -- 14 Miscellaneous Applications -- 14.1 Submerged Applications -- 14.1.1 Underwater Explosives -- 14.1.2 Underwater Flares -- 14.1.3 Underwater Cutting Torch -- 14.2 Mine-Disposal Torch -- 14.3 Stored Chemical Energy -- 14.3.1 Heating Device -- 14.3.2 Stored Chemical Energy Propulsion -- 14.4 Tracers -- 14.5 Propellants -- References -- 15 Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Magnesium -- 15.3 Silicon and Silicides -- References -- 16 Vapour-Deposited Materials -- References -- 17 Ageing -- References -- 18 Manufacture -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Treatment of Metal Powder -- 18.3 Mixing -- 18.3.1 Shock Gel Process -- 18.3.1.1 Procedure A -- 18.3.1.2 Procedure B -- 18.3.2 Conventional Mixing -- 18.3.3 Experimental Super Shock Gel Process -- 18.3.4 Experimental Dry Mixing Technique -- 18.3.5 Experimental Cryo-N2 Process -- 18.3.6 Extrusion -- 18.3.6.1 Twin Screw Extrusion -- 18.4 Pressing -- 18.5 Cutting -- 18.6 Priming -- 18.7 Miscellaneous -- 18.8 Accidents and Process Safety -- 18.8.1 Mixing -- 18.8.2 Pressing -- 18.8.3 Process Analysis -- 18.8.4 Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) -- References -- 19 Sensitivity -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Impact Sensitivity -- 19.2.1 MTV -- 19.2.2 Titanium/PTFE/Viton and Zirconium/PTFE/Viton -- 19.2.3 Metal-Fluorocarbon Solvents -- 19.2.4 Viton as Binder in Mg/NaNO3 -- 19.3 Friction and Shear Sensitivity.

19.3.1 Metal/Fluorocarbon -- 19.4 Thermal Sensitivity -- 19.4.1 MTV -- 19.5 ESD Sensitivity -- 19.6 Insensitive Munitions Testing -- 19.6.1 Introduction -- 19.6.2 Cookoff -- 19.6.3 Bullet Impact -- 19.6.4 Sympathetic Reaction -- 19.6.5 IM Signature Summary -- 19.7 Hazards Posed by Loose In-Process MTV Crumb and TNT Equivalent -- References -- 20 Toxic Combustion Products -- 20.1 MTV Flare Composition -- 20.2 Obscurant Formulations -- 20.3 Fluorine Compounds -- 20.3.1 Hydrogen Fluoride -- 20.3.2 Aluminium Fluoride -- 20.3.3 Magnesium Fluoride -- References -- 21 Outlook -- References -- Index.