Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Reference -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 1 Introduction and Overview -- Introduction -- Reflections on the Country Studies -- Political Economy of Antidumping and Safeguards in Argentina, by Julio J. Nogués and Elías Baracat (Chapter 2) -- Antidumping -- Safeguards -- Lessons -- Antidumping and Safeguard Mechanisms: The Brazilian Experience, 1988-2003, by Honorio Kume and Guida Piani (Chapter 3) -- Reforms -- Administering Institutions -- Experience -- Lessons -- Keeping Animal Spirits Asleep: The Case of Chile, by Sebastián Sáez (Chapter 4) -- Chile's Economic Reforms -- Initial Experience -- Current Instruments and Administration -- Structural Sources of Discipline -- Statutory Discipline -- Widespread Support -- Lesson -- Application of Safeguards and Antidumping Duties in Colombia, by Mauricio Reina and Sandra Zuluaga (Chapter 5) -- Lesson -- Antidumping Policies and Safeguard Measures in the Context of Costa Rica's Economic Liberalization, by Ricardo Monge-González and Francisco Monge-Ariño (Chapter 6) -- Regulations and Organization -- Experience -- Lessons -- Antidumping and Safeguard Measures in the Political Economy of Liberalization: The Mexican Case, by Luz Elena Reyes de la Torre and Jorge G. González (Chapter 7) -- International Competition-Normal versus Abnormal -- Emergency Measures -- Lessons -- Antidumping Mechanisms and Safeguards in Peru, by Richard Webb, Josefina Camminati, and Raúl León Thorne Chapter 8) -- Institutional Reform and Indecopi -- Role of the Indecopi Commissions -- Outcome -- Lessons -- Scope and Background of the Reforms -- Trade Defense Use-The Overall Record -- Rationale for Antidumping Mechanisms -- Rationale for Safeguard Mechanisms -- Decision-Making Bodies -- Sources of Discipline -- Recommendations for WTO Rules.

The Rules Are Too Generous -- Overcoming Conflicts Created by the Economic Content of the Rules -- Notes -- References -- 2 Political Economy of Antidumping and Safeguards in Argentina -- Introduction -- Trade Liberalization and Exchange Rate Policies -- Trade Liberalization Program -- Exchange Rate Policies -- Growth, Crisis, and Unemployment -- Trade Performance -- Summary of Trade Liberalization and Exchange Rate Policies -- Reform of Antidumping and Safeguard Legislation -- External and Domestic Pressures for the Reform of Legislation -- Political Economy of Antidumping and Safeguard Legislation -- Safeguard Measures -- Summary of Reforms to Antidumping and Safeguard Legislation -- Creation of the CNCE -- Role of Injury -- Obstacles to Creating an Independent Agency -- Decision-Making Mechanism -- Staffing and Budget -- Summary of CNCE's Creation -- Determinants of the Petitions and Outcomes of Antidumping Investigations -- Effect of Political Determination and Economic Cycles -- Winners and Losers of the Antidumping Mechanism -- Overvaluation and the Incidence of Injury Determinations -- Dumping Determinations and Antidumping Measures -- Overvaluation and Pressure to Shift to U.S.-Like Antidumping Legislation -- Summary of Determinants of the Petitions and Outcomes of Antidumping Investigations -- Use of Safeguards -- Safeguards under Article XIX of GATT and the WTO Safeguards Agreement -- Textile and Clothing Safeguards -- Summary of Use of Safeguards -- Lessons from This Chapter's Analysis -- Liberalization and Contingent Protection -- Currency Overvaluation and Contingent Protection -- Flexibility of WTO-Based Antidumping Regulations -- Political Economy Implications of Multilateral Safeguard Regulations -- Antidumping and Safeguards in the Mercosur -- Political Determination and the Demand for Antidumping Protection -- Resource Constraints.

Notes -- References -- 3 Antidumping and Safeguard Mechanisms: The Brazilian Experience, 1988-2003 -- Introduction -- The Import Policy in Brazil, 1987-2003 -- Overview -- The 1988-89 Period -- The 1990-93 Period -- The 1994-98 Period -- The 1999-2003 Period -- Evolution of Imports -- The Brazilian Antidumping and Safeguard System -- Legal, Institutional, and Operational Aspects -- Brazilian Experience with Antidumping and Safeguard Measures -- Antidumping in Brazil -- Safeguards in Brazil -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 4 Keeping Animal Spirits Asleep: The Case of Chile -- Introduction -- Development of Chilean Legislation on Unfair Competition -- Application of Measures over Time -- Experiences with Investigations and Applications of Measures -- Application of Antidumping Duties -- Application of Safeguard Measures -- Review and Evaluation of the Chilean Institutional Framework -- Notes -- References -- 5 Application of Safeguards and Antidumping Duties in Colombia -- Introduction -- The Recent Evolution of Trade Policy -- The Opening of Trade -- Regional Negotiations -- Main Institutional Reforms -- Evolution of Antidumping and Safeguard Rules -- Background of Antidumping Legislation -- Current Antidumping Regulations -- Causes for the Application of Duties -- Evidence to Be Submitted -- Procedures, Instances, and Time Frames -- Duration of the Measures -- Background of the Legislation on Safeguards -- Current Regulations on Safeguards -- WTO Safeguard -- Causes for Measures -- Evidence to Be Submitted -- Procedures, Instances, and Terms -- Terms of the Safeguard Measures -- Special Safeguard Decree -- Analysis of Dumping and Safeguard Investigations in Colombia -- Evolution of Investigations, 1990-2004 -- Sectors Applying for Investigation -- Two Case Studies -- Rice -- Sector Evolution -- Use of Trade Defenses -- Textiles and Apparel.

Sector Evolution -- Use of Trade Defenses -- Political Economy and the Use of Safeguards and Antidumping Measures in Colombia -- The Role of the Instruments -- The Role of Institutions -- The Role of the Applicants and the Affected Counterparts -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 6 Antidumping Policies and Safeguard Measures in the Context of Costa Rica's Economic Liberalization -- Introduction -- Economic Liberalization: from Import Substitution to Export Promotion -- What Motivated the Liberalization of the Economy? -- What Was the Economic Liberalization Model, and How Was It Implemented? -- The Response of Costa Rica's Economy to Economic Liberalization: A Long-Term Vision -- Legal Framework -- Antidumping Measures -- Antidumping Measures at the Multilateral Level -- Antidumping Measures in the Central American Common Market -- Antidumping in the Free Trade Agreement with Mexico -- Treatment of Dumping in Other Free Trade Agreements -- Safeguard Measures -- Safeguard Measures at the Multilateral Level -- Safeguards in the Central American Common Market -- Safeguards in the Free Trade Agreement with Mexico -- Safeguards in the Free Trade Agreement with Chile -- Safeguards in the Free Trade Agreement with the Dominican Republic -- Safeguards in the Free Trade Agreement with Canada -- Institutional Framework -- Costa Rica's Experience with Antidumping and Safeguard Cases -- An Analysis of Cases of Applications for Alleged Dumping Practices -- The Refrigerators Case -- An Analysis of the Applications for Safeguard Measures -- The Burlap Bags Case -- Summary of Cases -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 7 Antidumping and Safeguard Measures in the Political Economy of Liberalization: the Mexican Case -- Introduction -- Trade Liberalization and Contingent Trade-Protection Instruments -- Trade Liberalization and Economic Reform in Mexico.

Mexico's First Antidumping Legislation and Its Adherence to the Antidumping Code as a Contracting Party -- Contingent Trade-Protection Instruments during NAFTA Negotiations -- The Negotiation Context -- Bilateral Panels and Agreements on Domestic Legal Reforms -- Bilateral and Global Safeguards -- The Amendment of the Antidumping Legal Framework in 1993 and Its Ensuing Institutional Reform -- The 1993 Foreign Trade Act -- Institutional Reform: Creation of the Unit on International Trade Practices -- Attempts to Create a National Foreign Trade Commission -- Antidumping and Safeguard Investigations and Their Final Determinations (1987-2003) -- Requests, Initiations, and Types of Investigations -- Breakdown of Investigations by Country and Sector -- Safeguard Cases: Almost Nonexistent? -- Lessons: Case Studies -- The China Package and Multicountry-Multiproduct Steel Cases -- Mechanisms to Mitigate the Negative Effects of Antidumping Duties -- Lesser Duty Rule -- The Diiodohydroxyquinoline Case -- The Connectors, Tripolyphosphate, and Hydrogen Peroxide Cases -- The Sulfuric Acid Case and the "Public Interest" Clause -- Changes in the Application of the Lesser Duty Rule -- End-Use Certificates -- Statement of Exclusiveness -- The Unitary Approach to International Prices and the Causal Link: The Bond Paper Case -- Final Considerations -- Notes -- References -- 8 Antidumping Mechanisms and Safeguards in Peru -- Introduction -- Peru's Trade Policy -- Evolution of Peru's Trade Policy -- Economic and Political Context of the Liberalization -- Immediate Background of the 1990 Reform -- The New Economic Policy -- The New Foreign Trade Policy -- Antidumping and Safeguards -- Institutional Reform -- National Institute for the Defense of Competition and the Protection of Intellectual Property (Indecopi) -- The Commission for Control of Dumping and Subsidies.

Legal Rules and Procedures.