Illustrations -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- CHAPTER 1 Early Italy -- Physical Environment -- THE LAND -- CLIMATE AND AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES -- MINERAL RESOURCES -- Pre-Roman Background -- THE REMOTE PAST -- EARLY IRON AGE -- LANGUAGES OF PRE-ROMAN ITALY -- PEOPLES INHABITING EARLY ITALY -- Etruscans -- ETRUSCAN CITY-STATES -- ETRUSCAN EXPANSION -- Etruscan Civilization -- ECONOMIC TRENDS -- SOCIAL LIFE -- RELIGION -- ART AND ARCHITECTURE -- The Etruscan Legacy -- CHAPTER 2 Origins of Rome -- Literary Sources for the History of Early Rome -- LEGENDS, FOLKTALES, AND OFFICIAL RECORDS -- THE ANNALISTS AND LATER HISTORIANS -- THE FOUNDATION LEGEND -- Archaeological Evidence for the Beginnings of Rome -- EARLY OCCUPATION (C. 1500-700 BCE) -- EMERGENCE OF THE ROMAN CITY-STATE (C.700-600 BCE) -- Roman Kings -- Roman Government in the Late Regal Period -- THE KING (REX) -- THE SENATE (SENATUS) -- THE CURIATE ASSEMBLY (COMITIA CURIATA) -- THE ARMY -- THE CENTURIATE ASSEMBLY (COMITIA CENTURIATA) -- Roman Social Organization in the Late Regal Period -- THE PATERFAMILIAS AND THE FAMILY -- THE GENS -- ROMAN NAMES -- PATRICIANS -- CLIENTAGE -- Cultural Developments in the Late Regal Period -- Early Roman Religion -- MAGIC AND ASSOCIATED RITES -- DEITIES -- ETRUSCAN AND GREEK INFLUENCES ON THE STATE CULT -- EARLY ROMAN WORSHIP -- CHIEF PRIESTHOODS -- CYCLE OF PUBLIC FESTIVALS -- FESTIVALS FOR THE DEAD -- THE VALUES OF EARLY ROMAN SOCIETY -- CHAPTER 3 The Young Republic -- Sources for the Period to 133 BCE -- GREEK AND LATIN HISTORIES -- OTHER SOURCES -- Constitution of the Early Republic -- THE MAGISTRACY -- THE SENATE -- THE CURIATE ASSEMBLY (COMITIACURIATA) AND THE CENTURIATE ASSEMBLY (COMITIA CENTURIATA) -- Conflict of the Orders -- PATRICIANS AND PLEBEIANS -- THE FIRST SECESSION -- THE DECEMVIRATE AND THE TWELVE TABLES.

POST-DECEMVIRAL DEVELOPMENTS AND MAGISTRACIES -- ALTERATION IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE GOVERNING CLASS -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRIBAL ASSEMBLY (COMITIA TRIBUTA) -- CAREER OF APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAECUS -- THE HORTENSIAN LAW (LEX HORTENSIA) -- CHAPTER 4 Roman Conquest of Italy -- Conflicts with Immediate Neighbors (c. 509-396 BCE) -- DEFENSIVE ALLIANCE CONCLUDED WITH THE LATIN LEAGUE (493 BCE) -- WARS WITH THE AEQUI AND VOLSCI (C. 500-406 BCE) -- CONQUEST OF VEII (C. 406-396 BCE) -- Gallic Sack of Rome (c. 390 BCE) -- Vigorous Roman Recovery and Continuing Advances in Central Italy -- ADDITIONAL CONFLICTS WITH NEIGHBORS (389-338 BCE) -- FINAL STRUGGLE WITH THE LATINS: THE LATIN WAR (341-338 BCE) -- ROMAN SYSTEM FOR RULING CONQUERED ITALIAN COMMUNITIES -- Rome Becomes the Leading Power in Italy through the Samnite Wars -- FIRST SAMNITE WAR (343-341 BCE) -- RENEWED ROMAN ALLIANCE WITH THE SAMNITES (341 BCE) -- SECOND SAMNITE WAR (326-304 BCE) -- THIRD SAMNITE WAR (298-290 BCE) -- Rome Completes the Conquest of Northern and Central Italy by Defeating the Gauls and Etruscans (285-264 BCE) -- Invasion of Pyrrhus and the Roman Unification of Italy (280-264 BCE) -- Reasons for Roman Success in Italy -- Roman Rule in Italy -- CHAPTER 5 Duel with Carthage -- Carthage -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARTHAGINIAN STATE -- CARTHAGINIAN RELIGION -- The Punic Wars: Carthage or Rome? -- FIRST PUNIC WAR (264-241BCE) -- INTERVAL BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND PUNIC WARS (241-218 BCE) -- SECOND PUNIC WAR (218-201 BCE) -- CHAPTER 6 Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean World -- Roman Expansion in the East (200-133 BCE) -- SOURING RELATIONS WITH PHILIP V AND ANTIOCHUS III -- SECOND MACEDONIAN WAR (200-196 BCE) -- WAR WITH ANTIOCHUS III AND THE AETOLIANS (192-189 BCE) -- GREECE AND MACEDONIA DRAWN DEEPER INTO THE SHADOW OF ROME (188-171 BCE) -- THIRD MACEDONIAN WAR (171-167 BCE).

ROME REDUCES THE HELLENISTIC EAST TO CLIENT STATES AND PROVINCES (168-133 BCE) -- Roman Expansion in the West (200-133 BCE) -- SUBJUGATION OF CISALPINE GAUL (C. 200-172 BCE) -- SPANISH WARS (197-133 BCE) -- THIRD PUNIC WAR (149-146 BCE) -- CHAPTER 7 Impact of Overseas Conquests on the Senatorial Oligarchy -- Rule of the Senatorial Oligarchy -- POWER OF THE SENATE -- NOBLES DOMINATE THE GOVERNMENT -- CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IN THE ASSEMBLIES AND MAGISTRACIES -- POLYBIUS' THEORY OF A MIXED ROMAN CONSTITUTION -- ADMINISTRATION OF THE PROVINCES -- ROMAN GOVERNORS -- TAXATION -- ABUSES IN THE PROVINCES -- CHAPTER 8 Impact of Overseas Conquests on the Economic and Social Organization of Italy -- Coinage -- Signs of Vastly Increased Upper-Class Wealth -- TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE -- URBAN GROWTH AND THE CITY MOB -- CHANGES IN TRADE AND COMMERCE -- RISE OF THE WEALTHIEST BUSINESS CLASS: TRANSFORMATION OF THE EQUITES -- MEMBERS OF THE RULING ELITE ENJOY NEW STANDARDS OF LUXURY -- Daily Life -- ADVANCEMENT OF ARISTOCRATIC WOMEN -- MEALS AND CLOTHING -- MEASURING TIME -- THE CALENDAR -- GAMES, ATHLETICS, AND CIRCUSES -- MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE -- HOMOSEXUALITY -- DEATH AND BURIAL -- CHAPTER 9 Greek Cultural Influences on Rome -- The Scipionic Circle -- Changes in Roman Education -- Rise of Latin Literature -- EARLY POETS AND DRAMATISTS AT ROME -- WRITERS OF ROMAN COMEDY -- WRITERS OF PROSE -- Philosophy -- SKEPTICISM -- STOICISM -- EPICUREANISM -- Religion -- GREEK AND OTHER FOREIGN INFLUENCES -- Architecture -- MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION -- FORMS OF PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE -- FORMS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE -- ROME THE CITY -- Art -- SCULPTURE -- PAINTING -- ROMAN STREETS AND ROADS -- Law -- DEVELOPMENT OF ROMAN PRIVATE LAW -- THE IUS GENTIUM AND THE IUS NATURALE -- CHAPTER 10 Rival Conceptions of State and Society Plague Roman Politics.

Sources for the Period 133 to 27 BCE -- Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus (133 BCE) -- THE TRIBUNATE AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR CHANGE -- Between Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus (132-124 BCE) -- THE LAND COMMISSION REMAINS LOYAL TO GRACCHAN PRINCIPLES -- DISCONTENT AMONG THE ITALIAN ALLIES -- Tribunates of Gaius Gracchus (123-122 BCE) -- LEGISLATION OF GAIUS GRACCHUS: A SHIFT IN EMPHASIS -- ANTI-GRACCHANS PREVAIL (122-121 BCE) -- Influence of the Gracchi on Roman History -- In the Shadow of the Gracchi -- RIVAL POLITICAL ROUTES TO POWER: OPTIMATES AND POPULARES -- CONQUEST AND COLONIZATION OUTSIDE ITALY -- Rise and Eclipse of Marius (107-100 BCE) -- JUGURTHINE WAR (111-105 BCE) -- WAR WITH THE CIMBRI AND THE TEUTONES (105-101 BCE) -- ANOTHER SICILIAN SLAVE REVOLT (104-99 BCE) -- MARIUS' ECLIPSE (100 BCE) -- Tribunate of Livius Drusus (91 BCE) -- Social War (91-88 BCE) -- CHAPTER 11 Sulla -- Sulla Rises through Warfare Abroad and Violence at Home (89-82 BCE) -- MITHRIDATES THREATENS ROMAN POWER IN THE EAST (89-87 BCE) -- SULLA TAKES COMMAND AGAINST MITHRIDATES (88 BCE) -- CINNA'S RULE (87-84 BCE) -- SULLA DEFEATS MITHRIDATES (87-85 BCE) -- SULLA CONQUERS ITALY IN A FULL-SCALE CIVIL WAR (83-82 BCE) -- SULLA EXTERMINATES HIS ENEMIES (82 BCE) -- Sulla's Dictatorship and Legacy (82-78 BCE) -- CHANGES IN ROMAN POLITICAL MACHINERY -- RETIREMENT AND DEATH OF SULLA (79-78 BCE) -- CHAPTER 12 Pompey and Caesar -- Rise of Pompey the Great (78-60 BCE) -- REVOLT OF LEPIDUS (78-77 BCE) -- COMMAND AGAINST SERTORIUS IN SPAIN (77-71 BCE) -- COMMAND OF LUCULLUS AGAINST MITHRIDATES (74-66 BCE) -- CRASSUS AND THE WAR AGAINST SPARTACUS (73-71 BCE) -- FIRST JOINT CONSULSHIP OF POMPEY AND CRASSUS (70 BCE) -- CICERO'S PROSECUTION OF VERRES (70 BCE) -- POMPEY DEFEATS THE PIRATES AND ENJOYS SUCCESSES IN THE EAST (67-62 BCE) -- MANEUVERINGS OF CRASSUS AND CAESAR (66-63 BCE).

CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY (63 BCE) -- CICERO'S HOPE FOR CONCORD OF THE ORDERS -- POMPEY'S RETURN AND THE AFTERMATH (62-61 BCE) -- Rise of Caesar (60-52 BCE) -- FORMATION OF THE ''FIRST TRIUMVIRATE'' (60 BCE) -- CAESAR'S FIRST CONSULSHIP (59 BCE) -- BANISHMENT OF CICERO (58 BCE) -- CAESAR'S INITIAL CONQUESTS IN NON-ROMAN GAUL (58-56 BCE) -- CHANGES IN THE POLITICAL CLIMATE AT ROME (58-56 BCE) -- CAESAR CONTINUES THE GALLIC WARS (56-51 BCE) -- CAESAR'S APPEARANCE AND PERSONALITY -- Rivalry of Pompey and Caesar (54-49 BCE) -- DEATHS OF JULIA AND CRASSUS (54-53 BCE) -- POMPEY APPOINTED SOLE CONSUL (52 BCE) -- SLIDE TO CIVIL WAR (52-49 BCE) -- Civil War Campaigns (49-45 BCE) -- CAESAR CONQUERS ITALY AND SPAIN (49 BCE) -- CAESAR'S SECOND CONSULSHIP (48 BCE) -- CAESAR INVADES GREECE, EGYPT, AND ASIA (48-47 BCE) -- ENDING OF THE CIVIL WAR (47-46 BCE) -- Caesar's Activity as Dictator (46-44 BCE) -- COMPREHENSIVE REORGANIZATION -- REFORM OF THE CALENDAR -- ASSASSINATION OF JULIUS CAESAR (MARCH 15, 44 BCE) -- CHAPTER 13 Antony and Octavian Wrestle for Empire -- Aftermath of Caesar's Assassination (44-43 BCE) -- ANTONY'S BID FOR POWER (44 BCE) -- OCTAVIAN OFFERS OPPOSITION (44-43 BCE) -- Triumphal Period (43-30 BCE) -- TRIUMVIRATE FORMED (43 BCE) -- PROSCRIPTIONS AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS (43-42 BCE) -- CONCLUSIVE REPUBLICAN DEFEAT: PHILIPPI (42 BCE) -- DIVISION OF THE ROMAN PROVINCES (42 BCE) -- ANTONY BEGINS REORGANIZING THE EASTERN PROVINCES (41 BCE) -- OCTAVIAN GRADUALLY SECURES THE WEST (41-33 BCE) -- ANTONY'S POLICIES IN THE EAST (41-33 BCE) -- IMPENDING CONFLICT AND RENEWED CIVIL WAR (33-30 BCE) -- CHAPTER 14 Economic, Social, and Cultural Climate of the Late Republic -- Economic and Social Life in Italy and the Provinces -- CONTRASTS IN AGRICULTURE -- MANUFACTURING AND COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES -- EQUESTRIAN AND SENATORIAL WEALTH.

EXISTENCE FOR THE RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION.