The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America November 13, 1985 -- Copyright -- NATURAL DISASTER STUDIES -- INVITATION FOR DISCUSSION -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1 Physical Setting and Geologic History -- SITE LOCATION -- MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT -- HISTORIC ERUPTIONS AND LAHARS IN THE RUIZ AREA -- Volcanic Eruption of March 12, 1595 -- Mudflows of February 19, 1845 -- Other Historic Events -- 2 The November 13, 1985 Eruption and Subsequent Lahars -- CHRONOLOGY OF VOLCANIC EVENTS -- Disaster Chronology -- SUGGESTED LAHAR-TRIGGERING MECHANISM -- AREAL EXTENT AND GRADIENT -- VELOCITY OF LAHARS -- COMPOSITION OF THE LAHAR DEPOSITS -- THICKNESS OF LAHAR DEPOSITS -- CONSOLIDATION OF LAHAR DEPOSITS -- 3 Performance of Various Structures Along the Lahar Paths -- 4 Preeruption Awareness and Preparedness -- HISTORICAL ERUPTIONS AND EXPERIENCE -- INITIAL THREAT DETECTION -- EFFORTS TO INCREASE AWARENESS -- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geológico-Mineras (INGEOMINAS) -- Civil Defense -- City and Regional Authorities -- Public Information -- CONCLUSIONS -- 5 The Warning Period -- 3:00-5:00 P.M., NOVEMBER 13 -- 5:00-7:00 P.M., NOVEMBER 13 -- 7:00-9:00 P.M., NOVEMBER 13 -- 9:00-11:00 P.M., NOVEMBER 13 -- 11:00 P.M.-1:00 A.M., NOVEMBER 13-14 -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- 6 Disaster Impacts -- IMMEDIATE POSTIMPACT ACTIVITIES -- RESTORATION ACTIVITIES -- LONG-TERM IMPACTS -- NOTES -- 7 The Recovery Program -- ORGANIZATION OF THE RECOVERY ACTIVITIES -- PROVISION OF TEMPORARY HOUSING -- Resettlement -- The Refugee Camps -- Refugee Camp Organization -- Social Conditions in the Camps -- Health Care -- Temporary Housing -- RECONSTRUCTION/RELOCATION -- SPECIAL ISSUES -- Designating Eligible Parties -- Replacement of Economic and Social Roles -- CONCLUSIONS.

8 Posteruption Hazard Watch and Disaster Planning -- RISK AND RISK INFORMATION -- EMERGENCY PLANNING FOR WARNING AND EVACUATION -- PUBLIC EDUCATION -- PUBLIC RESPONSE TO HAZARD WARNINGS -- COMMENTS -- References -- Appendix A Geologic Setting and Prehistorical Volcanic Activities -- REGIONAL GEOLOGY -- Nevado Del Ruiz Province -- Magdalena River Valley Province -- TECTONIC SETTING -- PREHISTORIC ACTIVITY OF THE VOLCANO -- Appendix B Recommendations for Improving the Existing warning System for an Impending Eruption of t ... -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE EXISTING WARNING SYSTEM FOR AN IMPENDING ERUPTION OF THE NEVADO DE ... -- Overview -- The Volcano and the Disaster Event -- The Study team's Trip -- Why an Advance Report? -- The Existing Warning System -- Recommended Improvements -- Conclusions.