Cover -- Related Titles -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Introduction -- Author Biographies -- Part One: Fundamentals -- 1: From Multiwave Imaging to Elasticity Imaging -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Regimes of Spatial Resolution -- 1.3 The Multiwave Approach -- 1.4 Wave to Wave Generation -- 1.5 Wave to Wave Tagging -- 1.6 Wave to Wave Imaging: Mapping Elasticity -- 1.7 Super-resolution in Supersonic Shear Wave Imaging -- 1.8 Clinical Applications -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Imaging via Speckle Interferometry and Nonlinear Methods -- 2.1 General Introduction -- 2.2 Part I: Speckle Interferometry -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Labeyrie's Method -- 2.2.3 Knox-Thompson Method -- 2.2.4 Importance of Phase Difference Calculation -- 2.2.5 Labeyrie and Knox-Thompson in Two Dimensions -- 2.2.6 Other Improvements to Speckle Interferometry -- 2.3 Part II: Nonlinear Imaging -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Deviation (Difference Squared), or Absolute Difference -- 2.3.3 Fourier Transform-Based Methodology -- 2.3.4 Fourier Methodology: How to Create an Image -- 2.3.5 Fourier Transform: Problems with Using -- 2.3.6 Hilbert Transform-Based Methodology -- 2.3.7 Hilbert Methodology: How to Create an Image, and 3D Image -- 2.4 Summary and Closing -- Selected References (By Subject) -- Part Two: Novel Developments in Advanced Imaging Techniques and Methods -- 3: Fundamentals and Applications of a Quantitative Ultrasonic Microscope for Soft Biological Tissues -- 3.1 General Introduction: Basic Idea of an Ultrasonic Microscope for Biological Tissues -- 3.2 Sound Speed Profile -- 3.2.1 Fundamentals -- 3.2.2 Specimen to be Observed -- 3.2.3 Experimental Setup and Acquired Signal -- 3.2.4 Calculation of Sound Speed -- 3.2.5 Two-Dimensional Sound Speed Profiles -- 3.2.6 Attempts at Better Spatial Resolution.

3.3 Acoustic Impedance Profile -- 3.3.1 Fundamentals -- 3.3.2 Experimental Setup -- 3.3.3 Specimen to be Observed -- 3.3.4 Acquired Signal -- 3.3.5 Calibration for Characteristic Acoustic Impedance [3] -- 3.3.6 Observation of Cerebellar Cortex of a Rat [4] -- 3.3.7 Cell Size Observation [5] -- 3.3.8 Commercialized Equipment -- 3.4 Summary -- References -- 4: Portable Ultrasonic Imaging Devices -- References -- 5: High-Frequency Ultrasonic Systems for High-Resolution Ranging and Imaging -- 5.1 General Introduction -- 5.2 High-Frequency Ultrasonic System Components -- 5.2.1 Ultrasound Echo Systems -- 5.2.2 Transmitter and Receiver Components for High-Frequency Ultrasonic Echo Systems -- 5.2.3 Spectral and Range Resolution Properties -- 5.2.4 Measurement and Optimization of the Pulse Transfer Properties -- 5.2.5 Range Resolution Optimization: Inverse Echo Signal Filtering -- 5.2.6 Measurement of Acoustic Scattering Parameters in Plane Wave Propagation -- 5.3 Engineering Concepts for High-Frequency Ultrasonic Imaging -- 5.3.1 Single-Element Transducer B-Scan Techniques -- 5.3.2 Lateral Resolution Optimization -- 5.3.3 Limited Angle Spatial Compounding (LASC) -- 5.3.4 Multidirectional Tissue Characterization -- 5.4 High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging in Biomedical Applications -- 5.4.1 Skin Imaging -- 5.4.2 Imaging of Small Animals -- 5.5 Summary -- References -- 6: Quantitative Acoustic Microscopy Based on the Array Approach -- 6.1 General Introduction -- 6.2 Measurement of Velocity and Attenuation of Leaky Waves -- 6.3 Measurement of Bulk Wave Velocities and Thickness of Specimen -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part Three: Advanced Biomedical Applications -- 7: Study of the Contrast Mechanism in an Acoustic Image for Thickly Sectioned Melanoma Skin Tissues with Acoustic Microscopy -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 What Is Melanoma?.

7.1.2 How Is Melanoma Diagnosed? -- 7.1.3 Present Problems for Biopsy -- 7.1.4 Objective of Present Study -- 7.2 Physical and Mathematical Modeling for Five Layer Wave Propagation in an Acoustic Microscope -- 7.3 Sample Preparation -- 7.4 Digital Imaging - Optical and Ultrasonic -- 7.4.1 Optical Image -- 7.4.2 Acoustic Imaging Principle (Pulse-Wave Mode) -- 7.4.3 Resolution -- 7.4.4 Acoustic Images -- 7.4.5 Waveform Analysis -- 7.5 High Frequency Acoustic Microscopy -- 7.5.1 Normal Control Skin Tissue -- 7.5.2 Abnormal Skin Tissue -- 7.5.3 Acoustic Velocity -- 7.5.4 Computer Simulation -- 7.6 Conclusions -- 7.7 Acknowledgment -- References -- 8: New Concept of Pathology - Mechanical Properties Provided by Acoustic Microscopy -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Principle of Acoustic Microscopy -- 8.3 Application to Cellular Imaging -- 8.4 Application to Hard Tissues -- 8.5 Application to Soft Tissues -- 8.5.1 Gastric Cancer [27] -- 8.5.2 Myocardial Infarction -- 8.5.3 Kidney -- 8.5.4 Atherosclerosis -- 8.6 Ultrasound Speed Microscopy (USM) [39] -- 8.7 Articular Tissues -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- 9: Quantitative Scanning Acoustic Microscopy of Bone -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Hierarchical Structure of Bone and Properties -- 9.1.2 Relevance of Multiscale Elastic Properties -- 9.1.3 History of Measurement Principles -- 9.2 Quantitative SAM-Based Impedance of Bone -- 9.2.1 Theory -- 9.2.2 Time-Resolved Measurements -- 9.2.3 Measurements with Time-Gated Amplitude Detection -- 9.3 Tissue Mineralization, Acoustic Impedance, and Stiffness -- 9.4 Elastic Anisotropy at the Nanoscale (Lamellar) Level -- 9.5 Elastic Anisotropy at the Microscale (Tissue) Level -- 9.6 Applications in Musculoskeletal Research -- 9.7 Conclusions -- References -- Part Four: Advanced Materials Applications -- 10: Array Imaging and Defect Characterization Using Post-processing Approaches.

10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Modeling Array Data -- 10.2.1 Introduction -- 10.2.2 Ray-Based Description of Ultrasonic Array Data -- 10.2.3 Mathematical Model of Ultrasonic Array Data -- 10.3 Imaging with 1D Arrays -- 10.3.1 Classical Beam-Forming Imaging Methods in Post-processing -- 10.3.2 Total Focusing Method -- 10.3.3 Wavenumber Method -- 10.3.4 Back-Propagation Method -- 10.3.5 Theoretical Comparison of Imaging Methods -- 10.3.6 Computational Burden -- 10.3.7 Focusing Performance -- 10.3.8 Experimental Example -- 10.4 Imaging with 2D Arrays -- 10.4.1 Optimization of 2D Array Layout -- 10.4.2 Experimental Comparison of 2D Array Layouts -- 10.5 Scattering Matrices and Their Experimental Extraction -- 10.5.1 Feature Extraction from Array Data -- 10.6 Defect Characterization and Sizing -- 10.6.1 Crack Sizing -- 10.6.2 Experimental Results -- 10.7 Conclusions -- References -- 11: Ultrasonic Force and Related Microscopies -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Mechanical Diode Detection -- 11.3 Experimental UFM Implementation -- 11.4 UFM Contrast Theory -- 11.5 Quantitative Measurements of Contact Stiffness -- 11.6 UFM Picture Gallery -- 11.7 Image Interpretation - Effects of Adhesion and Topography -- 11.8 Superlubricity -- 11.9 Defects Below the Surface -- 11.10 Time-Resolved Nanoscale Phenomena -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12: Ultrasonic Atomic Force Microscopy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Principle -- 12.2.1 Forced Vibration of Cantilever from the Base -- 12.2.2 Quantitative Information, Directional Control, and Resonance Frequency Tracking -- 12.2.3 Effective Enhancement of Cantilever Stiffness -- 12.2.4 Criterion to Avoid Plastic Deformation -- 12.3 Theory -- 12.3.1 Overview -- 12.3.2 Linear Analysis of Stiffness and the Q Factor -- 12.3.3 Linear Theory of Subsurface Imaging -- 12.3.4 Advantage of Appropriate Load.

12.3.5 Nonlinear Analysis of Spectra -- 12.3.6 Duffing Model -- 12.3.7 Numerical Model with Double Nodes -- 12.4 Instrumentation -- 12.5 Experiments -- 12.5.1 Effort to Avoid Nonlinearity at Tip-Sample Contact -- 12.5.2 Relation between UAFM and UFM -- 12.5.3 Quantitative Evaluation of Elasticity -- 12.6 Observation of Defects in Layered Materials -- 12.6.1 Defects in Graphene Sheets -- 12.6.2 Dislocation in Molybdenum Disulfide -- 12.6.3 Observation of Dislocation Behavior under Different Loads -- 12.6.4 Analysis of Dislocation Motion under Varying Applied Load -- 12.6.5 Model for the Reversible Long-Range Motion of Dislocation -- 12.6.6 Delamination in Microelectronic and Mechanical Devices -- 12.7 Conclusion -- References -- 13: Acoustical Near-Field Imaging -- 13.1 Principle of Near-Field Imaging -- 13.1.1 Early Systems of Acoustical Near-Field Imaging -- 13.2 Near-Field Acoustical Imaging and Atomic Force Microscopy -- 13.2.1 Force Modulation -- 13.2.2 Local Acceleration Microscopy -- 13.2.3 Pulsed-Force Microscopy -- 13.2.4 Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy or AFM Contact-Resonance Imaging -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Index.