Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- I BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION -- 1 Robert W. Goy and Bruce S. McEwen (1980) Sexually dimorphic behavior: Definition and the organizational hypothesis. In R. W. Goy and B. S. McEwen (Eds.), Sexual Differentiation of the Brain: Based on a Work Session of the Neurosciences Research Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-12. -- 2 Robert W. Goy and Bruce S. McEwen (1980) Sex differences in behavior: Rodents, birds, and primates. In R. W. Goy and B. S. McEwen (Eds.), Sexual Differentiation of the Brain: Based on a Work Session of the Neurosciences Research Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 13-58. -- 3 Frank A. Beach (1941) Female mating behavior shown by male rats after administration of testosterone propionate. Endocrinology 29: 409-412. -- 4 Frank A. Beach and Priscilla Rasquin (1942) Masculine copulatory behavior in intact and castrated female rats. Endocrinology 31: 393-409. -- 5 G. Raisman (1997) An urge to explain the incomprehensible: Geoffrey Harris and the discovery of the neural control of the pituitary gland. Annual Review of Neuroscience 20: 533-566. -- 6 G. W. Harris (1937) The induction of ovulation in the rabbit, by electrical stimulation of the hypothalmo-hypophysial mechanism. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 612: 374-394. -- 7 G. W. Harris and Dora Jacobsohn (1950) Proliferative capacity of the hypophysial portal vessels. Nature 165: 854. -- 8 H. J. Campbell, G. Feuer, and G. W. Harris (1964) The effect of intrapituitary infusion of median eminence and other brain extracts on anterior pituitary gonadotrophic secretion. Journal of Physiology 170: 474-486 -- 9 Neil J. MacLusky and Frederick Naftolin (1981) Sexual differentiation of the central nervous system. Science 211: 1294-1302.

10 Andrew H. Sinclair, Philippe Berta, Mark S. Palmer, J. Ross Hawkins, Beatrice L. Griffiths, Matthijs J. Smith, Jamie W. Foster, Anna-Maria Frischauf, Robin Lovell-Badge, and Peter N. Goodfellow (1990) A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif. Nature 346: 240-244. -- 11 Christopher M. Haqq, Chih-Yen King, Etsuji Ukiyama, Sassan Falsafi, Tania N. Haqq, Patricia K. Donahoe, and Michael A. Weiss (1995) Molecular basis of mammalian sexual determination: Activation of Mullerian inhibiting substance gene expression by SRY. Science 266: 1494-1500. -- 12 David C. Page, Laura G. Brown, and Albert de la Chapelle (1987) Exchange of terminal portions of X- and Y-chromosomal short arms in human XX males. Nature 328: 437-440. -- 13 Julianne Imperato-McGinley, Luis Guerrero, Teofilo Gautier, and Ralph E. Peterson (1974) Steroid 5-alpha-reductase deficiency in man: An inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism. Science 186: 1213-1215. -- 14 S. F. Ahmed, A. Cheng, L. Dovey, J. R. Hawkins, H. Martin, J. Rowland, N. Shimura, A. D.Tait, and I. A. Hughes (2000) Phenotypic features, androgen receptor binding, and mutational analysis in 278 clinical cases reported as androgen insensitivity syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85: 658-665. -- 15 Eloisa Saavedra-Castillo, Elvia I. Cortés-Gutiérrez, Martha I. Dávila-Rodríguez, María Eugenia Reyes-Martínez, and Amalia Oliveros-Rodríguez (2005) 47, XXY female with testicular feminization and positive SRY: A case report. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 50: 138-140. -- 16 Anne Fausto-Sterling (1993) The five sexes: Why male and female are not enough. The Sciences 33: 20-24.

17 Neil J. MacLusky, Ann S. Clark, Frederick Naftolin, and Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic (1987) Estrogen formation in the mammalian brain: Possible role of aromatase in sexual differentiation of the hippocampus and neocortex. Steroids 50: 459-474. -- 18 Ming-Jer Tsai and Bert W. O'Malley (1994) Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily. Annual Review of Biochemistry 63: 451-486. -- 19 Shailaja K. Mani, Jeffrey D. Blaustein, Jamie M. C. Allen, Simon W. Law, Bert W. O'Malley, and James H. Clark (1994) Inhibition of rat sexual behavior by antisense oligonucleotides to the progesterone receptor. Endocrinology 135: 1409-1414. -- 20 Simon W. Law, Ede M. Apostolakis, Patrick J. Samora, Bert W. O'Malley, and James H.Clark (1994) Hormonal regulation of hypothalamic gene expression: Identification of multiple novel estrogen induced genes. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 51: 131-136. -- 21 Eric P. Smith, Jeff Boyd, Graeme R. Frank, Hiroyuki Takahashi, Robert M. Cohen, Bonny Specker, Timothy C. Williams, Dennis B. Lubahn, and Kenneth S. Korach (1994) Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. New England Journal of Medicine 331: 1056-1061. -- 22 Charles H. Phoenix, Robert W. Goy, Arnold A. Gerall, and William C. Young (1959)Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig 1. Endocrinology 65: 369-382. -- 23 William C. Young, Robert W. Goy, and Charles H. Phoenix (1961) Hormones and sexual behavior. Science 143: 212-218. -- 24 Michael J. Meany and Jane Stewart (1981) Neonatal androgens influence the social play of prepubescent rats. Hormones and Behavior 15: 197-213. -- II CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIMORPHISMS.

25 Fernando Nottebohm and Arthur P. Arnold (1976) Sexual dimorphism in vocal control areas of the songbird brain. Science 194: 211-213. -- 26 Fernando Nottebohm (1980) Testosterone triggers growth of brain vocal control nuclei in adult female canaries. Brain Research 189: 429-436. -- 27 Eliot A. Brenowitz (1991) Altered perception of species-specific song by female birds after lesions of a forebrain nucleus. Science 251: 303-305. -- 28 S. Marc Breedlove and Arthur P. Arnold (1980) Hormone accumulation in a sexually dimorphic motor nucleus of the rat spinal sord. Science 210: 564-566. -- 29 S. Marc Breedlove and Arthur P. Arnold (1983) Hormonal control of a developing neuromuscular system. I. Complete demasculinization of the male rat spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus using the anti-androgen flutamide. Journal of Neuroscience 3: 417-423. -- 30 Nancy G. Forger and S. Marc Breedlove (1986) Sexual dimorphism in human and canine spinal cord: Role of early androgen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA83: 7527-7531. -- 31 G. Raisman and P. M. Field (1973) Sexual dimorphism in the neuropil of the preoptic area of the rat and its dependence on neonatal androgen. Brain Research 54: 1-29. -- 32 Laura S. Allen and Roger A. Gorski (1990) Sex difference in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the human brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology 302: 697-706. -- 33 R. A. Gorski, J. H. Gordon, J. E. Shryne, and A. M. Southam (1978) Evidence for a morphological sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain. Brain Research 148: 333-346. -- 34 D. F. Swaab and E. Fliers (1985) A sexually dimorphic nucleus in the human brain. Science 228: 112-115. -- 35 Laura S. Allen, Melissa Hines, James E. Shryne, and Roger A. Gorski (1989) Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience 9: 497-506.

36 Gary W. Arendash and Roger A. Gorski (1983) Effects of discrete lesions of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area or other medial preoptic regions on the sexual behavior of male rats. Brain Research Bulletin 10: 147-154. -- 37 A. A. Perachio, L. D. Marr, and M. Alexander (1979) Sexual behavior in male Rhesus monkeys elicited by electrical stimulation of preoptic and hypothalamic areas. Brain Research 177: 127-144. -- 38 Y. Oomura, H. Yoshimatsu, and S. Aou (1983) Medial preoptic and hypothalamic neuronal activity during sexual behavior of the male monkey. Brain Research 266: 340-343. -- 39 R. B. Simerly, L. W. Swanson, and R. A. Gorski (1984) Demonstration of a sexual dimorphism in the distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus of the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 225: 151-166. -- 40 R. B. Simerly, L. W. Swanson, and R. A. Gorski (1985) Reversal of the sexually dimorphic distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus by treatment with perinatal androgen. Brain Research 340: 91-98. -- 41 G. J. De Vries, R. M. Buijs, and F. W. van Leeuwen (1984) Sex differences in vasopressin and other neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Progress in Brain Research 61: 185-197. -- III MECHANISMS FOR CREATING DIMORPHISMS: IF THERE ARE SEXUAL DIMORPHISMS . . .HOW DO THEY GET THAT WAY? -- 42 Madhabananda Sar and Walter E. Stumpf (1977) Distribution of androgen target cells in rat forebrain and pituitary after [3H]-dihydrotestosterone administration. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 8: 1131-1135.

43 Paul J. Shughrue, Walter E. Stumpf, Neil J. MacLusky, Jan E. Zielinski, and Richard B. Hochberg (1990) Developmental changes in estrogen receptors in mouse cerebral cortex between birth and postweaning: Studied by autoradiography with 11β-methoxy-16α-[125I]iodoestradiol. Endocrinology 126: 1112-1124.