CONTENTS -- FOREWORD -- FOREWORD -- FOREWORD -- LETTER -- PREFACE -- ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS -- SINGAPORE'S ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY: AN INTRODUCTION* -- I. Main Themes -- II. Singapore's Entry into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and Its Objectives in the Uruguay Round -- A. Singapore Accedes to the GATT -- B. Participation in the Uruguay Round -- 1. Background -- 2. Policy Goals -- III. Global Trade Negotiations: From the Tokyo to the Doha Round -- A. The Tokyo Round (1973-1979) -- B. The Uruguay Round (1986-1994) -- C. The Doha Round (2001-present) -- D. Impact of the Stalled Doha Talks -- E. The Chapters in Part One of the Book -- IV. Informal Groupings in the GATT/WTO -- V. Singapore's Free Trade Agreements -- VI. Individual Singaporeans in Multilateral Economic Diplomacy -- VII. Origins and Arrangement of the Book -- PART ONE ESSAYS AND REFLECTIONS ON MULTILATERALISM -- (A) Essays -- CHAPTER 1 THE WTO INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS -- I. Background -- II. The WTO Agenda -- III. Decision-Making: Efficiency Versus Transparency -- IV. Special and Differential Treatment (S&D) -- V. Conclusion -- CHAPTER 2 INFORMAL CAUCUSES WITHIN THE WTO: SINGAPORE IN THE "INVISIBLES GROUP" -- I. Introduction -- II. The Invisibles Group -- III. Origins of the Invisibles Group -- Stoler argued: -- IV. The 1995 Inaugural Meeting -- V. Five Meetings Before the Singapore Ministerial Conference -- VI. What these Meetings Achieved -- VII. Opportunity Lost and the Proliferation of Free Trade Agreements -- VIII. Singapore's Inclusion in Key Informal Groupings -- IX. Ensuring a Central Role for the WTO Director-General -- X. Influence of the Quads and the Absence of a Developing Country Agenda -- XI. Accomplishing the Information Technology Agreement -- XII. The Second WTO Ministerial Conference -- XIII. The Issue of NGO Participation.

XIV. End of the Invisibles -- XV. Conclusion -- CHAPTER 3 ANTI-DUMPING NEGOTIATIONS IN THE URUGUAY ROUND: REFLECTIONS OF A SINGAPORE NEGOTIATOR -- I. Introduction -- II. Brief History of Anti-Dumping Rules -- III. Anti-Dumping Negotiations During the Uruguay Round -- A. From Punta del Este to Montreal: 1986-1988 -- B. From Montreal to Brussels: 1989-1990 -- C. The Ministerial Conference in Brussels: 3-7 December 1990 -- D. From Brussels to the Conclusion of the Uruguay Round: The Draft Final Act: 1991-1993 -- IV. Overall Assessment and Singapore's Role -- V. The Way Ahead -- CHAPTER 4 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE URUGUAY ROUND -- I. The Uruguay Round -- II. Intellectual Property Increases in Importance -- III. The International Conventions -- IV. The Move for a New Trade Round -- V. Intellectual Property Negotiations in GATT: Misgivings, Opposition and Eventual Inclusion -- VI. The Informal Working Group on TRIPS -- VII. TRIPS in the WTO: An Overview -- VIII. The Domestic Implementation of TRIPS -- IX. The Subsequent Developments: Singapore Moves Ahead -- CHAPTER 5 A NEW APPROACH TO TRADE NEGOTIATIONS? -- I. Introduction -- II. WTO Ministerial Meeting Deferred -- III. G20 Rhetoric Not Matched by Reality -- IV. What Should We Do? -- V. Revisiting the Approach to the Doha Negotiations -- VI. Single Undertaking Versus Early Harvest -- VII. A More Limited Doha Negotiating Agenda -- VIII. Bilateral and Plurilateral Versus Multilateral Deals -- IX. Conclusion -- CHAPTER 6 DOMESTIC REGULATIONS IN SERVICES: A CHAIRMAN'S PERSPECTIVE -- I. Introduction -- II. The GATS's Balancing Act -- III. GATS Article VI (Domestic Regulation) -- IV. An Overview of Obligations Arising From GATS Articles VI:1, 2, 3 & 6 -- V. Kicking Off the Article VI:4 Mandate: Disciplines on Domestic Regulation in the Accountancy Sector -- VI. GATS Article VI:4 Negotiations.

A. Facilitating Trade in Services -- B. Respecting Members' Right to Regulate -- C. Development Aspects of Disciplines on Domestic Regulation -- VII. Necessity Test: "Trade Liberaliser" or "Mother of All Interventions"? -- VIII. Interim Disciplines on Domestic Regulation in Article VI:5 -- IX. Conclusion -- CHAPTER 7 FUTURE TRENDS IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND IMPACT ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT -- I. Introduction -- A. The TRIPS Agreement -- B. WTO-WIPO Cooperation -- C. Patents and Public Health -- D. Internet and Digital Technology -- E. Development Agenda -- II. The Future -- III. Conclusion -- (B) Reflections -- CHAPTER 8 MY EXPERIENCES WITH THE WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM -- I. Introdution -- A. From Voluntary to Mandatory -- B. Dispute Settlement Body -- C. 1996 WTO Ministerial Meeting -- D. How the System Works -- II. The First Dispute Panel -- A. US - The Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act or Helms-Burton Act -- B. Helms-Burton Act -- C. EC Requested US for Consultations -- D. EC Requested Establishment of Panel -- E. EC and US Reactions to Panel -- F. Panel's Teleconference -- G. Communication to EC, US and Third Parties -- H. EC Requests Delay and Suspension -- I. US-EU Understanding on Helms-Burton -- J. Panel Lapsed on 21 April 1998 -- K. Thanks from Ruggiero and Dunkel -- L. Concluding Thoughts -- III. The Second Dispute Panel -- A. Canada - Measures Affecting the Importation of Milk and the Exportation of Dairy Products -- B. Background -- C. Consultations -- D. Requests for Panel -- E. Composition of Panel -- F. Secretariat -- G. Organisational Meeting -- H. First Substantive Meeting -- I. Second Substantive Meeting -- J. Interim Report -- K. Final Report -- L. Upheld by Appellate Body -- M. Significance of this Case -- IV. The Third Dispute Panel.

A. US - Safeguard Measure on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand and Australia -- B. Background -- C. Consultations -- D. Panel -- E. Secretariat -- F. Organisational Meeting -- G. First Substantive Meeting -- H. Second Substantive Hearing -- I. Interim Report -- J. Final Report -- K. Appellate Body -- V. Concluding Reflections -- CHAPTER 9 THE WTO MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE IN SINGAPORE -- I. Deriving Security from Globalisation -- II. Singapore Offers to Host the First WTO Ministerial Conference -- III. The United States Objects -- IV. Work Begins -- V. Lack of Progress Over the Substantive Issues -- VI. Breakthrough -- VII. The Singapore Ministerial Declaration -- VIII. The Doha Development Round Today -- IX. Conclusion -- PART TWO ESSAYS AND REFLECTIONS ON FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS -- (A) Essays -- CHAPTER 10 AN INTUITIVE GUIDE TO THE SERVICES CHAPTER OF THE UNITED STATES-SINGAPORE FREE TRADE AGREEMENT -- I. The Mystique of the USSFTA -- II. The USSFTA: Basic Commitments -- III. The Negative List -- IV. Grandfathering of Existing Measures -- V. Sensitive Sectors -- A. Social, Security and Other Non-Economic Considerations -- B. We Have a Different View -- C. A Different World -- VI. Government Levers -- A. Investment Incentives -- B. Land Use -- C. Devolution of Government Functions -- VII. Conclusion -- CHAPTER 11 SOME LESSONS FROM PAST FTA DISPUTES -- I. Introduction -- II. Disputes About the Legality of an FTA -- A. The Formation of the EEC and the EEC's Association Agreements -- B. The Turkey-Textiles and US-Line Pipe Disputes -- III. Trade Remedy Clauses and Disputes -- IV. Using an FTA as a Legal Defence -- V. Disputes about FTA Dispute Provisisons -- VI. Investment Disputes -- VII. Disputes Over FTA Language -- VIII. The Spectre of Multiple Law Suits -- IX. Conclusion -- CHAPTER 12 ASEAN'S JOURNEY TOWARDS FREE TRADE.

I. ASEAN's Development in Freeing Trade in Goods -- A. ASEAN's Process of Negotiated Accommodation -- B. Rate of Liberalisation of Goods Tariffs -- C. Negotiated Targets For Liberalisation -- D. Acceleration of Overall Target -- E. Safety Valves to Underpin Accelerated Liberalisation -- 1. Temporary Exclusion List (TEL) -- 2. Sensitive List (SL) -- 3. Highly Sensitive List (HSL) -- 4. General Exceptions List (GE) -- F. Encouraging the Liberalisation Process Through an Interim Reciprocity Rule -- G. Setting of Interim Targets for Tariff Lines in the Inclusion List to Reach 0-5% Tariff and Later to Reach Zero Tariff -- H. Adherence to WTO Principles -- I. Singapore's Role in the AFTA-CEPT -- II. ASEAN's Development in Trade in Services -- A. Coverage of AFAS -- B. The Ambitious Nature of AFAS -- C. Progress of the ASEAN Negotiations -- D. MFN Obligations -- E. ASEAN-Minus-X Modality -- F. Mutual Recognition Agreements -- III. ASEAN's Development in Investment -- A. Coverage of the AIA -- B. Eliminations of Reservations -- C. Expansion of the AIA -- IV. ASEAN's Continuing Journey Towards Free Trade With Dialogue Partners -- A. First Free Trade Area Discussion with ASEAN's Dialogue Partners (Australia and New Zealand) -- B. Discussions with Other Dialogue Partners -- C. Assignment of Duties -- D. Packaging of the ASEAN Plus FTAs -- V. ASEAN Plus China FTA: Trade in Goods -- A. Normal Track and Sensitive Track -- B. The Modality for the Normal Track -- C. The Modality for the Sensitive Track -- D. Overall Summing Up -- VI. ASEAN Plus Korea FTA: Trade in Goods -- A. Schedule of Tariff Reductions in the Normal Track -- B. Normal Track Modalities -- C. The Modalities for the Sensitive Track -- D. Modalities for Highly Sensitive List -- E. Overall Summing Up -- VII. ASEAN Plus Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership: Trade in Goods.

A. The Common List of Goods and Formula.