Contents -- I. INTRODUCTION: The Chrysanthemum Meets the Eagle-The Co-evolution of Innovation Policies in Japan and the United States -- II. OVERVIEW -- III. SYMPOSIUM PAPERS: Technology Policies in Japan: 1990 to the Present -- Reform of University Research System in Japan: Where Do They Stand? -- Government's Evolving Role in Supporting Corporate R&D in the United States: Theory, Practice, and Results in the Advanced Technology Program -- Government Programs to Encourage Innovation by Startups and SMEs: The Role of Innovation Awards -- Programs to Stimulate Startups and Entrepreneurship in Japan: Experiences and Lessons -- Economic Impacts of International R&D Coordination: SEMATECH and the International Technology Roadmap -- Semiconductor Consortia in Japan: Experiences and Lessons for the Future -- Issues in and Possible Reforms of the U.S. Patent System -- Reform of Patent System in Japan and Challenges -- Industry-University R&D Partnerships in the United States -- University-Industry Partnerships in Japan -- The Connected Science Model for Innovation-The DARPA Role -- Public-Private Linkage in Biomedical Research in Japan: Lessons of the 1990s -- IV. Appendixes -- Appendix A: Symposium Agenda -- Appendix B: Bibliography.