Contents -- About the Author -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1 Market Demand -- TRANSPORT AS A DERIVED DEMAND -- FACTORS DETERMINING DEMAND -- CASE STUDY 1: URBAN BUS OPERATIONS -- DEMAND PATTERNS NOT INFLUENCED BY OPERATORS -- PEAK DEMAND -- REFERENCES -- 2 Elasticity of Demand -- PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND -- CASE STUDY 1: TRANSATLANTIC FARES -- CASE STUDY 2: COACH/RAIL COMPETITION -- CASE STUDY 3: LONDON COMMUTERS -- THE MEASUREMENT OF PRICE ELASTICITY -- INCOME ELASTICITY -- SERVICE ELASTICITY -- CASE STUDY 4: ANALYSIS OF EUROSTAR AND EUROTUNNEL MARKETS, 1992-97 -- FACTORS DETERMINING THE MAGNITUDE OF ELASTICITY -- REFERENCES -- 3 The Supply of Transport -- INTRODUCTION -- ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 Pricing Policy -- INTRODUCTION -- PRICE DISCRIMINATION -- CASE STUDY 1: RAILWAYS - MARKET SEGMENTATION/PRICE DISCRIMINATION -- CASE STUDY 2: AIRLINE PRICING -- CASE STUDY 3: THE LOW COST AIRLINE MARKET (EUROPE) -- CASE STUDY 4: MA AIRWAYS LTD -- SOLUTIONS FOR LOW PROFITABILITY AND LOSS OF MARKET SHARE -- CASE STUDY 5: EUROSTAR -- COACH PRICING -- BUS PRICING -- CASE STUDY 6: UNDER-18 MARKET -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 5 Cost Levels and Structure - Road Transport -- PRICE VERSUS QUALITY -- BUS OPERATING COSTS -- CASE STUDY 1: COST REDUCTION (BUS INDUSTRY) -- REFERENCES -- 6 Cost Levels and Structure - Railways -- THE PRIVATISED/DISAGGREGATED RAILWAY -- CASE STUDY 1: COSTING THE INTEGRATED RAILWAY - A LESSON FOR 'NEW' (2004) EU MEMBER STATES -- CASE STUDY 2: AVOIDABLE COST (RAILWAYS) -- REFERENCES -- 7 Cost Levels and Structure - Airlines -- REFERENCES -- 8 Forecasting Transport Demand, Revenue and Expenditure -- ECONOMIC FORECASTING -- CASE STUDY 1: FORECASTING BUS COSTS AND REVENUE IN A SHIRE COUNTY FUNDING CONTEXT.

CASE STUDY 2: THE IMPACT OF CHANNEL TUNNEL INTERNATIONAL TRAINS ON DOMESTIC COMMUTER SERVICES -- CASE STUDY 3: ROAD TRAFFIC FORECASTING - MACRO ECONOMIC FORECASTS -- CASE STUDY 4: FORECASTING RAIL PASSENGER DEMAND - ELEMENTS IN THE MODEL -- CASE STUDY 5: FORECASTING FOR AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORT POLICY -- CASE STUDY 6: FORECASTING AIR TRAFFIC DEMAND -- CASE STUDY 7: EUROTUNNEL: FORECASTS OF FREIGHT AND PASSENGER TRAFFIC -- CONCLUSION - FORECASTING -- REFERENCES -- 9 Economic Appraisal - Techniques -- THE ARGUMENT FOR GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT -- COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS -- CASE STUDY 1: COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF BUS SUBSIDY -- CASE STUDY 2: GREAT BRITAIN - CENTRAL LONDON RAIL STUDY -- CASE STUDY 3: GREAT BRITAIN - STRATEGIC RAIL AUTHORITY -- CASE STUDY 4: EUROPEAN COMMISSION - SOCIALLY NECESSARY RAILWAY SERVICES -- CASE STUDY 5: SWEDEN - RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE COMPANY, BANVERKET (BV) -- CASE STUDY 6: GERMANY - FEDERAL TRAFFIC INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN -- CASE STUDY 7: THE NETHERLANDS - RAIL SERVICE EVALUATION -- CASE STUDY 8: EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (EBRD) -- CONCLUSION (UK) -- CASE STUDY: SONERAIL CONSORTIUM (2000) -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 10 Economic Appraisal - Valuation of Elements -- PURPOSE OF INVESTMENT -- AN APPROPRIATE EVALUATION TECHNIQUE -- ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN NEW INFRASTRUCTURE (ROAD, RAIL, AIRPORTS) INVESTMENT -- DEFINITION OF THE ENVIRONMENT -- TRANSPORT INVESTMENT AREAS -- CASE STUDY 1: THE VALUATION OF TIME SAVINGS -- CASE STUDY 2: WINNERS AND LOSERS -- CASE STUDY 3: PRIVATE CAPITAL SCHEMES -- CASE STUDY 4: ROAD PRICING: MARKET FORCES IN PUBLIC POLICY -- REFERENCES -- 11 Public Private Partnership (PPP) Investment -- PPP FUNDING - ADDITIONAL INVESTMENT OR A SUBSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC SECTOR INVESTMENT? -- VALUE FOR MONEY -- TRANSFER OF RISK AND COMMERCIAL RISK PREMIUMS.

PRIVATE SECTOR ENTHUSIASM FOR PPPs -- SOLUTIONS TO PRIMARY PRIVATE SECTOR CONCERNS -- ANALYSIS OF BIDDERS'VIEWS -- FINANCIAL APPRAISAL VERSUS COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS -- CASE STUDY 1: FUNDING A PPP SCHEME (MAJOR URBAN RAILWAY) -- CASE STUDY 2: EAST WEST CROSSRAIL (LONDON) -- CASE STUDY 3: MANCHESTER METROLINK -- CBA/FA IN TEN PPPs - SOME CURRENT VIEWS -- CASE STUDY 4: SPEED RAISING PROPOSALS FOR REGIONAL TRAINS AND INTER CITY LINKS BETWEEN REGIONS WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION -- REFERENCES -- 12 Funding an Integrated Transport Policy -- DEFINITION OF AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORT POLICY -- GOVERNANCE OF AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORT POLICY -- APPLICATION OF AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORT POLICY -- THE 4 I's -- QUESTIONS -- THE EUROPEAN UNION CONTEXT -- EUROPEAN UNION POLICY -- THE CONGESTION PROBLEM -- MARKET FORCES AND AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORT POLICY -- EVALUATION AND FINANCING OF RAILWAY AND ROAD INVESTMENT WITHIN AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORT POLICY -- COST BENEFIT/MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 13 Regulation or Competition? -- INTRODUCTION -- THE UK BUS MARKET -- EFFECTS OF DEREGULATION -- CONCERNS ABOUT A DEREGULATION POLICY -- A SUPPLY-SIDE COMPETITIVE FRANCHISING SYSTEM -- REFERENCES -- 14 19th Century Britain -- THE NEED FOR TRANSPORT -- TRANSPORT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF 19TH CENTURY LONDON -- METROLAND -- ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE RAILWAYS OUTSIDE LONDON -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 15 Transport and Economic Activity -- DEFINITION -- OPTIONS FOR GROWTH -- FORMS OF STATE AID -- GOVERNMENT POLICY IN BRITAIN AND IN IRELAND -- THE ATLANTIC ARC -- LOCATION CRITERIA - THE POSITION OF TRANSPORT -- DO ROADS REALLY BRING ECONOMIC SUCCESS? -- POLICY IN OTHER EU MEMBER STATES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Index.