Cover -- Acknowledgements -- Table of Contents -- Introduction: Activation Policies for the Unemployed, the Right to Work and the Duty to Work: Which Interactions? -- Activation Policies Facing the Coupling of the Right and the Duty to Work -- A. Work in Modern Societies, a Duty as much as a Right -- B. The Construction of Social Protection Systems, or Achieving a Balance between the Right and the Duty to Work -- C. Activation Policies for the Unemployed: What Impact on the Relationship between the Right and the Duty to Work? -- I. Historical and Philosophical Approaches to the Right and the Duty to Work -- 1848 and the Question of the droit au travail: A Historical Retrospective -- I. Precursory Ideas -- II. Droit au travail Versus liberté du travail -- III. Work or Suitable Work? -- Political-Philosophical Perspectives on the Duty to Work in Activation Policies for the Unemployed -- Introduction -- I. Political Philosophies and Views on Citizenship -- A. Liberalism and Social Liberalism -- B. Communitarianism -- C. Republicanism -- II. Critical Analysis of Activation Policies for the Unemployed -- A. Conditionality -- B. Labour Market Participation -- C. Public Employment Services -- Conclusion -- II. National Activation Policies for the Unemployed and the Different Underlying Conceptions of the Right and the Duty to Work -- Activation Policies for the Unemployed in the United States: Work First -- Introduction -- I. Unemployment Insurance: Limited Benefits for the Involuntarily Unemployed -- II. Disability Insurance: Incapacity for Work Benefits -- III. Supplemental Security Income: Cash Aid to the Needy Elderly or Disabled -- IV. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: "Reformed" Social Assistance to Families with Children -- V. General Assistance: The Endangered Social Assistance to Childless Adults.

VI. The Earned Income Tax Credit: Financial Support to Low-income Working Households -- Conclusion: Work First -- Activation Policies for the Unemployed in France: "Social Debt" or "Poor Laws"? -- I. The French Idea of Social Debt: The Historical Hesitation between Human Rights and Mutual Duty -- A. Social Protection as a Human Right -- B. Social Protection as a Mutual Duty -- 1. The Historical Affirmation of a Mutual Duty -- 2. Right and Duty to Work: An Asymmetric Relationship -- II. The Current Articulation of Social Activation Policies: Conditionality and Individual Support -- A. Conditionality for Social Protection and Individual Responsibility -- 1. The Increasing Control over Jobseekers: "An Offer You Can't Refuse" -- 2. The Reinforced Rights and Duties Approach: The Case of the revenu de solidarité active (RSA) -- B. Social Support and Autonomy, the New Motto of Activation Policies -- 1. Social Support for the Unemployed -- 2. Enforcing the Autonomy of the Unemployed, a Work in Progress -- Conclusion -- III. Activation Policies for the Unemployed and the Human Right to Work -- Activation Policies for the Unemployed and the International Human Rights Case Law on the Prohibition of Forced Labour -- Introduction -- I. The Material Scope of Application of the Provisions on the Prohibition of Forced Labour -- A. The Prohibition of Forced Labour in Convention No. 29 of the International Labour Organization -- 1. The Definition of Forced Labour -- 2. Exceptions to the Scope of Application of the Convention -- B. The Prohibition of Forced Labour in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights -- 1. The Definition of Forced Labour -- 2. The Exception to the Scope of Application of the Prohibition of Forced Labour and the Exclusions from this Notion -- C. The Prohibition of Forced Labour in the European Convention on Human Rights.

1. The ILO Definition of Forced Labour as a Starting Point for the Interpretation of Article 4 of the ECHR -- 2. Exclusions from the Notion of Forced Labour Providing Guidance for the Construction of Article 4 of the ECHR -- II. Activation Policies for the Unemployed in the International Case Law on Prohibition of Forced Labour -- A. The Faure v. Australia Case and Article 8, 3 of the ICCPR -- B. The X, Talmon and Schuitemaker v. The Netherlands Cases and Article 4, 3 of the ECHR -- Conclusion -- Activation Policies for the Unemployed and the International Human Rights Case Law on the Right to Freely Chosen Work -- Introduction -- I. The Right to Freely Chosen Work: Contours of an Unheralded Right -- A. The Right to Freely Chosen Work and the Right to Work -- B. The Right to Freely Chosen Work and the Prohibition of Forced Labour -- II. Activation Policies for the Unemployed in the International Case Law on the Right to Freely Chosen Work -- A. Activation Policies for the Unemployed and ILO Conventions No. 29 on Forced Labour and No. 122 on Employment Policy -- 1. The Mandatory Participation to a Work Programme -- 2. The General Availability for Work Condition -- B. Activation Policies for the Unemployed and Article 1, 2 of the European Social Charter -- 1. Analysis of Activation Measures from the Angle of the Prohibition of Forced Labour -- 2. Systematic Analysis of the Loss of Unemployment Benefits for Refusal to Take up Employment or Training from the Angle of the Right to Freely Chosen Work -- Conclusion -- Right to Work and Individual Responsibility in Contemporary Welfare States: A Capability Approach to Activation Policies for the Unemployed -- Introduction -- I. Capability Approach, Responsibility and the Right to work -- A. Ability or Power to Act -- B. Freedom of Choice.

C. The Individual-Institution Relationship at the Heart of the Active Welfare State -- II. Types of Active Welfare States and Approaches to Responsibility and the Right to Work -- A. The Liberal Model -- B. The Social-Democratic Model -- C. The Conservative Model -- Conclusion -- IV. Debating Ideas: The Basic Income Guarantee and the Employment Guarantee -- The Tensions of Welfare State Reform and the Potential of a Universal Basic Income -- Introduction -- I. The Tension Between Universalism and Selectivity -- A. Poverty -- B. Labour Supply and the Right to Work -- C. Resilience -- III. The Tension Between Conditionality and Unconditionality -- Conclusion -- Securing the Right to Work and Income Security -- Introduction -- I. Activation Policies for the Unemployed in a Job Short Economy -- II. The Right to Work and to Income Security -- III. The Basic Income Strategy as a Remedy for Unemployment -- IV. The Direct Job Creation Strategy for Securing the Right to Work and Income Security -- Conclusion: Providing for the Full and Free Development of the Human Personality -- Conclusion: Activation Policies for the Unemployed: Redefining a Human Rights Response -- I. Human Rights as Part of the Bretton-Woods Consensus -- II. Redefining a Human Rights Response -- A. Providing a Supportive Macro-economic Environment, Individualised Counselling and Support to the Unemployed -- B. Clarifying the Duties of Private Employers to Contribute to the "Employability" of Jobseekers -- C. Respecting the Choice of Alternative Lifestyles -- III. Conclusion -- Contributors.