VACCINATIONS: TYPES, POTENTIALCOMPLICATIONS AND HEALTHEFFECTS -- Contents -- Preface -- Immunology of Tuberculosis:Implications for the Development ofNew Therapies and Vaccines∗ -- Introduction -- Immunity to TB -- Location of Primary Foci and of Reactivation -- The Early Th1 Response to M. Tuberculosis, and Latent Infection -- Massive Production of IFN-γ in the Lungs of Tuberculosis Patients -- The Koch Phenomenon -- Vaccine Efficacy and Induction of Th1 Effector Responses -- The Relationship between Infiltration of T Cells, Immunity andImmunopathology -- Immunity Versus Immunopathology -- FaultyImmunoregulation, or Deliberate Sabotage? -- Too Much Regulatory T Cell Activity? -- Deliberate Sabotage? -- IL-4 in Human Tuberculosis -- Evidence for Increased Expression of IL-4 in Human Tuberculosis -- How Does M. Tuberculosis Drive Expression of IL-4 ? -- IL-4, Disrupted Protection, andImmunopathology -- IL-4 and the Recently DiscoveredSplice Variant, IL-4δ2 -- Discordant Result of Attempts to MeasureIL-4 in Tuberculosis Cases from Developedand Developing Countries -- Failure of BCG Vaccinationin Developing Countries -- High Fatality Rates Early DuringTreatment in Developing Countries -- Doses of M. Tuberculosis Required to CauseInfection in Developed and Developing Countries -- Conclusions from More Recent Data -- The Infectious Dose in Immunologically Naïveand Pre-Immunised Individuals -- Conclusions and Implications -- Implications for Vaccine Design -- Prophylactic Vaccines -- Therapeutic Vaccines -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Vaccinations in Health Care Studentsfrom Germany, Iran, Lithuania andSpain∗ -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Vaccinations in Medical Staff -- Aims of the Study -- Methods and Samples -- Samples -- Methods -- Results -- Vaccinations Against Tetanus -- Vaccinations Against Diphtheria -- Vaccinations Against Poliomyelitis.

Vaccinations Against Mumps -- Vaccinations Against Measles -- Vaccinations Against Rubella (German Measles) -- Vaccinations Against Varicella (Chicken Pox) -- Vaccinations Against Hepatitis A -- Vaccinations Against Hepatitis B -- Gender Differences in Vaccination Status -- Assessments on the Importance of Vaccinations -- Discussion -- Methods of Analyzing Vaccination Coverage -- Vaccinations Against Tetanus, Diphtheria and Poliomyelitis -- Vaccinations Against Mumps, Measles, Rubella and Varicella -- Vaccinations Against Hepatitis A -- Vaccinations Against Hepatitis B -- Gender Differences in Vaccination Status -- Assessments on the Importance of Vaccinations -- Improving Vaccination Coverage in Health Care Students -- Conclusions -- References -- Recent Topics forHepatitis B Vaccination∗ -- Abstract -- Introduction -- History of Hepatitis B Vaccine -- Types of Hepatitis B Vaccine -- Reported Side Effects of Hepatitis B Vaccination -- Expanded Programme for Immunization for Hepatitis B Vaccination -- Prevention of Perinatal HBV Transmission -- HBV Vaccination for the Elderly -- HBV Vaccination in HIV infected Patients -- HBV Vaccination in thePatients Requiring Hemodialysis -- HBV Vaccination for the Traveler -- HBV Vaccination for Health Care Workers -- Vaccine Escape Mutant: a new Problem ofHepatitis B Vaccination -- References -- Smallpox Vaccine Stockpileand Vaccination Policy∗ -- Abstract -- Legislation -- T Cell Vaccination for MultipleSclerosis∗ -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Development of TCV -- 2.1. Early TCV -- 2.2. Clinical Trials -- 3. T Cell Vaccine-Induced Regulatory Mechanisms -- 3.1. Anti-Idiotypic Responses -- 3.2. Anti-Ergotypic T Cell Responses -- 4. Technical Improvements -- 4.1. T Cell Acquisition -- 4.2. Activation and Expansion -- 4.3. Timing of Inoculations -- Conclusion -- References.

Binding Properties of Antibodies toBacterial Capsular Polysialic Acids:Implications to Vaccination AgainstMeningitis∗ -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Capsular Polysaccharidesof Bacteria Causing Meningitis -- Polysaccharide Immunogenicity -- Capsular Polysaccharides as Vaccines -- 1. Multivalency, Conjugation, Chemical Modification and Choice ofAdjuvant -- 2. Prevention of Bacterial Meningitis with Polysaccharide Vaccines -- 3. Alternatives to Capsular Vaccines -- Cross-reactivity of the CapsularPolysialic Acids with Tissue Antigens -- Polysialic acid-Antibody Interaction -- 1. Analytical Advances in Study of Polysaccharide Antibody Binding -- 2. Epitope Chain Length Requirement -- 3. Number of Antibody Binding Sites in Polysialic Acid-AntibodyInteraction -- 4. Affinity and Reaction Kinetics -- 5. Antibody Isotype and Host Species -- 6. Temperature -- 7. Effects of pH, Ionic Strength -- 8. Di- and Polyvalent Cations -- 9. The Molecular Mechanism of Polysialic Acid-Interaction -- Implications of PSA-AbInteraction to Vaccine Design -- References -- Replication-Incompetent AdenoviralVectors for Vaccination∗ -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Adenovirus Biology -- Classification, Disease Association, Particle Structure and Life Cycle -- Tropism and Internalization -- Adenoviral Replication Cycle -- Early Phase of Adenoviral Replication -- E1 -Proteins -- E2-Proteins -- E3-Proteins -- E4-Proteins -- Intermediate Phase -- Late Phase of Adenoviral Replication -- L1-Proteins -- L2- Proteins -- L3- Proteins -- L4- Proteins -- L5- Proteins -- Virus-Associated RNAs -- Adenoviral Vectors and the Host ImmuneResponse -- First Generation Adenoviral Vectors -- Second and third Generation Adenoviral Vectors -- Immune Responses against Adenovirus Vectors and the Transgene -- Adenoviral Vectors for Vaccination -- Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies using Ad5 Based Vaccines.

The Problem of Ad5 Pre-Existing Immunity and Possible Solutions -- Alternative Human Serotype Adenoviral-based Vaccines -- Chimeric Adenoviral Vector-based Vaccines -- Non-Human Adenoviral-based Vaccines -- Conclusion -- References -- Clinical Dendritic CellBased Cancer Vaccination∗ -- Abstract -- Tumour Antigens -- Dendritic Cells -- Biology of Natural Occurring DCs -- Maturation of Therapeutic Dendritic Cells -- Maturation of Therapeutic DC and Clinical Response -- Route of Delivery -- Safety and Toxicity of DCBased Cancer Vaccination -- Dendritic Cell Based Vaccinationin Specific Malignancies -- Malignant Melanoma -- Breast Cancer -- Renal Cell Carcinoma -- Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and Colon Cancer -- Lymphomas -- Prostatacancer -- Conclusions from Clinical Trials -- Monitoring of CTL Reactivity -- Future Strategies -- References -- Nonviral Cancer Vaccines:From Free Antigens to EngineeredCells∗ -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Plasmids -- TMP Obtainment -- Liposomes and Lipopolyplexes -- Cells and Transfection Procedures -- Determination of m-GMCSF Production -- Determination of m-B7.2 production -- Selection and Purification of Transfected Cells -- Preventive Vaccination Procedures -- Tumor Growth Measurement, Survival and Statistical Analysis -- Specific anti-TMP IgG ELISA -- Results -- Efficacy of Protein Encapsulation in Liposomes -- Liposomes and Lipopolyplexes Vaccine -- Determination of m-B7.2 Production -- Cell Vaccine Employing Non-Selected Freshly Transfected Cells -- Expression-Selected Cell Vaccine -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- New Vaccination Strategies for theImprovement of DNA Vaccines AgainstVirus in Fish∗ -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Immune Response to DNA Vaccination -- Non-Specific Early Stage of Protection -- Specific Late Stage of Protection.

Possible New Adjuvants for DNA Vaccination -- Cytokines -- TLR Ligands -- Possible Attenuation of the Viral Gene(S) -- Substitution of the Cmv Promoter by NewPromoters -- Possible Use of Inducible Plasmids -- Fish Transposon Technology Applied to DNAVaccines -- Possible Use of Sirna Generating Sequences -- New Mass Vaccination Strategies -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.