Cover -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of abbreviations -- Nomenclature -- About the editors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Introduction to membrane biological reactors -- 1.1 Membrane Biological Reactors - Definition and Application -- 1.2 Historical Development of Biosolids Separation MBRs -- 1.3 Process Comparison with Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) Process -- 1.4 Factors Influencing Performance/Design Considerations -- 1.5 Market Drivers/Restraints and Development Trend -- 1.5.1 Current status and typical drivers -- 1.5.2 Challenges -- 1.5.3 The way forward -- 1.6 MBR Market -- 1.6.1 Global market overview -- 1.6.2 Regional key drivers and constraints and market trend -- 1.7 Worldwide Research Trend -- 1.8 Summary and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 2: Process fundamentals: From conventional biological wastewater treatment to MBR -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Need for Biological Treatment -- 2.3 Microbial Communities, their Environments and Degradation Pathways of Pollutants -- 2.4 Biological Treatment Fundamentals -- 2.4.1 Conventional activated sludge (CAS) process basics -- 2.4.2 Nitrogen removal -- 2.4.3 Phosphorus removal -- 2.4.4 Combined biological nutrient removal (BNR) -- 2.4.5 Operational requirements -- 2.5 Membrane Fundamentals -- 2.5.1 Membrane performance parameters -- 2.5.2 Membrane classifications -- 2.5.3 Membrane materials, system configurations and operating modes -- 2.6 Fundamentals of MBR -- 2.6.1 History of MBR technology -- 2.6.2 Differences between CAS and MBR processes -- 2.6.3 Design of MBR Systems -- 2.6.4 Process overview -- 2.6.5 Biology in MBR -- 2.6.6 Operation of the membrane system in MBR -- 2.6.7 Energy utilization in MBR -- 2.7 Summary and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 3: Membrane bioreactors: Design, operation and maintenance -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Technical Concepts.

3.3 Reference Data on Design and Operation -- 3.3.1 Municipal/Urban applications -- 3.3.2 Industrial applications -- 3.3.3 Groundwater replenishment -- 3.4 MBR Design -- 3.4.1 Design workflow -- 3.4.2 General plant layout -- 3.4.3 Wastewater composition, volume and temperature -- 3.4.4 Process units: Inflow equalisation -- 3.4.5 Process units: Mechanical pre-treatment -- 3.4.6 Process units: Biological treatment -- 3.4.7 Process units: Membrane unit design -- 3.4.8 Process units: Aeration -- 3.4.9 Process units: Automation -- 3.4.10 Cost evaluations -- 3.4.11 Alternative MBR concepts -- 3.5 Operation and Plant Management -- 3.5.1 Membrane cleaning and maintenance -- 3.5.2 Process reliability -- 3.5.3 Residuals and waste sludge management -- 3.5.4 Personnel and qualification -- 3.6 R&D Needs from an Operators Perspective -- 3.7 Summary and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4: Monitoring, characterization and control of membrane biofouling in MBR -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Monitoring -- 4.2.1 Importance of monitoring -- 4.2.2 Methods used for assessment of filterability of mixed liquor -- 4.2.3 Identification of dominant parameters in filterability of mixed liquor -- 4.2.4 Problems to be addressed in monitoring of the filterability of mixed liquor -- 4.3 Characterization of Membrane Foulants in MBRs -- 4.3.1 Approaches to morphological visualization -- 4.3.2 Approaches to componential characterization -- 4.3.3 Approaches to microbiological identification -- 4.3.4 Summary of approaches to characterization -- 4.4 Biofouling Control -- 4.4.1 Membrane development -- 4.4.2 Chemical approaches -- 4.4.3 Physical (hydrodynamic, mechanical) approaches -- 4.4.4 Biological approaches -- 4.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5: Advanced wastewater treatment using MBRs: Nutrient removal and disinfection -- 5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Reuse and Recycling of Reclaimed Wastewater -- 5.2.1 Urban reuse -- 5.2.2 Agricultural reuse -- 5.2.3 Impoundments -- 5.2.4 Environmental reuse -- 5.2.5 Industrial reuse -- 5.2.6 Groundwater recharge - nonpotable reuse -- 5.2.7 Potable reuse -- 5.3 Advanced Designs of MBRs for Nutrient Removal -- 5.3.1 Design of MBRs for removal of organic matter and nitrogen -- 5.3.2 Design of MBRs for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus -- 5.4 Effects of the Microbial Community on Nutrient Removal in MBRs -- 5.5 Case Studies: Reuse and Recycling of MBR Effluents -- 5.6 Nutrient Recovery from MBR Effluents -- 5.7 Challenges Associated with Pathogen Removal by MBRs -- 5.8 Post-Treatments for Disinfection of the MBR Effluents -- 5.8.1 Chlorination -- 5.8.2 Ultraviolet irradiation -- 5.8.3 Ozonation -- 5.8.4 Other post-treatments for MBR effluents -- 5.8.5 Applications of AOPs for MBR effluents -- 5.9 Summary and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 6: Wastewater reuse: Removal of emerging trace organic contaminants (TrOC) -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 TrOC in Water and their Potential Impact on Reuse -- 6.3 Relative Performance of MBR and Other Biological Processes -- 6.3.1 Conceptual expectations -- 6.3.2 Reported comparative performance of CAS and MBR -- 6.4 Effect of TrOC Presence in Wastewater on Basic Performance of MBR -- 6.5 Factors Affecting TrOC Removal by MBR -- 6.5.1 Characteristics of the TrOC -- 6.5.2 Operating parameters -- 6.6 Correlation of TrOC Removal with Nitrification and Denitrification -- 6.7 Effect of MBR-Effluent Disinfection on TrOC Removal -- 6.8 Overall Fate and Metabolic Pathways -- 6.9 Post Treatments and MBR-Based Hybrid Systems -- 6.9.1 Combination with physicochemical processes -- 6.9.2 Bioaugmented MBR for TrOC removal -- 6.10 Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References.

Chapter 7: Impacts of hazardous events on performance of membrane bioreactors -- 7.1 Introduction - Hazardous Events in Risk Assessment -- 7.2 Characterisation of Potential Hazardous Events and their Impact on MBR Operation -- 7.2.1 Deviation from normal operation -- 7.3 Expected Consequences of Key Hazardous Events Types -- 7.3.1 Impact on the removal of bulk organic matter and nutrients -- 7.3.2 Impact on the removal of microorganisms and microbial indicators -- 7.4 Assessing Likelihoods of MBR Hazardous Events -- 7.5 Management of Hazardous Events through Engineered Redundancy and Multiple Barrier Treatment Systems -- 7.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 8: Cost benefit and environmental Life Cycle Assessment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Cost Benefit Analysis -- 8.2.1 Modeling of operational costs of WWTP and membrane technologies -- 8.2.2 Calculation of the environmental benefits associated with WWTP the shadow prices methodology -- 8.3 Life Cycle Assessment -- 8.3.1 Life cycle assessment methodology -- 8.3.2 Life Cycle Assessment of WWTP and membrane technologies -- 8.4 Economic and Environmental Profile of Full Scale MBR -- 8.4.1 Economic profile -- 8.4.2 Environmental profile -- 8.5 Environmental Profile of Pilot Plant MBR -- 8.5.1 Goal and scope -- 8.5.2 Life Cycle Inventory analysis -- 8.5.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment -- 8.5.4 Result interpretation -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9: MBR modeling studies -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Biological Models -- 9.2.1 Introduction to ASM models -- 9.2.2 ASMs to MBR modeling -- 9.2.3 Application of unmodified/conventional ASMs to MBR -- 9.2.4 Application of modified/integrated ASMs models to MBR -- 9.3 Filtration Models -- 9.4 CFD and Hydrodynamics - Modeling of MBR Tanks and Fluid Dynamics -- 9.4.1 Module design -- 9.4.2 Process design and operation.

9.5 Control and Operational Strategies -- 9.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 10: Gas-diffusion, extractive, biocatalytic, and electrochemical membrane biological reactors -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Membrane Biofilm Reactors (MBfRs) -- 10.2.1 Overview -- 10.2.2 Membrane materials and configurations -- 10.2.3 Aeration MBfRs -- 10.2.4 Hydrogen MBfRs -- 10.2.5 Methane MBfRs -- 10.3 Extractive MBRs for Corrosive/Toxic Wastewater Treatment -- 10.4 Biocatalytic MBRs -- 10.4.1 Types and applications of biocatalytic MBRs -- 10.4.2 Membranes for biocatalytic MBRs -- 10.4.3 Enzymatic membrane reactors (EMRs) for xenobiotics removal -- 10.4.4 Membrane fouling in EMRs for xenobiotics removal -- 10.4.5 Inhibition of enzymatic activity in EMRs for xenobiotics removal -- 10.4.6 Immobilized-cell membrane reactors (ICMRs) for xenobiotics removal -- 10.5 Electrochemical MBRs -- 10.6 Summary and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11: Anaerobic MBRs -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 History -- 11.3 System Configurations -- 11.4 Applications of AnMBRS -- 11.4.1 Municipal wastewater treatment -- 11.4.2 Industrial wastewater treatment -- 11.5 Membrane Fouling -- 11.5.1 Membrane fouling mechanisms -- 11.5.2 Membrane fouling characterization -- 11.6 Factors Affecting the Treatment Performance and Membrane Fouling -- 11.6.1 Membrane properties -- 11.6.2 Effects of operating and environmental conditions -- 11.6.3 Hydrodynamic conditions -- 11.6.4 Sludge properties -- 11.6.5 Strategies for performance stability and membrane fouling control -- 11.7 Commercial Potential of AnMBRS -- 11.7.1 Water reuse and energy production -- 11.7.2 Reduced energy consumption -- 11.7.3 Economic analysis -- 11.8 Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 12: Hybrid processes, new generation membranes and novel MBR designs -- 12.1 Introduction.

12.2 Integrated MBR Systems for Water Reclamation.