Acronyms -- Treaties referred to in this book -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- I The History and Scope of Protected Areas -- 1 From Antiquity to the Twentieth Century -- 2 A Matrix of Protected Areas -- 3 International Conventions -- A The World Heritage Convention (WHC) -- B The Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) -- C The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar) -- D Antarctica -- E The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) -- F The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) -- G Species Specific Conventions -- 4 Regional Conventions -- A The Regional Seas Agreements -- B The African Context -- C The European Context -- 5 Conclusion -- II Definitions -- 1 The Debate on Classification -- 2 International Practice and the IUCN Categories -- A Category I: Strict Nature Reserves and Wilderness Areas -- B Category II: National Parks -- C Category III: Natural Monuments -- D Category IV: Habitat/Species Management Areas -- E Category V: Multiple Use Areas -- F Category VI: Managed Resource Area -- 3 Conclusion -- III Values -- 1 The International Facilitation of the Values of Protected Areas -- 2 Cumulative Values -- 3 The Wide and Evolving Spectrum -- 4 Confidence Building -- 5 Science -- 6 Economic -- A Tourism -- 7 Values by Species, Ecosystem and Geomorphic or Physio-graphical Type -- A Endangered Species -- B Ecosystems -- C Geomorphic or Physio-graphical Areas -- 8 Intangible Human Values -- A Aesthetics -- B Cultural Values -- C Cultural Landscapes -- 9 Conclusion -- IV Obligations and Gaps -- 1 The Impetus to Protect -- 2 The Obligation to Create Protected Areas -- 3 Marine Protected Areas -- 4 Transboundary Protected Areas -- 5 The Number of Protected Areas -- 6 Some International Protected Areas of Note -- 7 The Gaps in the System -- 8 Thematic Gaps -- A Marine.

B Forests -- C Mountains -- D Drylands, Arid, Semi-arid, Grassland and Savannah Ecosystems/ Dry and Semi-Humid Lands -- 9 Priority Areas -- 10 The Choice of Priority Areas -- A The Udvardy System -- B The Global 200 -- C Species Focused Approaches -- D Hotspots -- 11 Conclusion -- V Management -- 1 Management Plans -- 2 Legal Status -- 3 Boundaries -- 4 Size -- 5 Buffer Zones -- 6 Networks and Corridors -- 7 Staff and Other Resources -- 8 Environmental Impact Assessments -- 9 Conclusion -- VI Local Populations -- 1 The Paradigm Shift in Protected Area Management -- 2 Promotion of the Local/Traditional/Indigenous Populations -- 3 On-the-Ground Non-Governmental Organisations -- 4 Conclusion -- VII Threats -- 1 The Integrity of a Protected Area -- 2 Permanent Human Populations -- 3 Temporary (tourist) Human Populations -- 4 Alien Species -- 5 Air Pollution and Climate Change -- 6 Water Supply and Large Dams -- 7 Mineral and/or Hydrocarbon Exploration and/or Extraction -- 8 Traffic and Routing -- 9 General Industrial Development -- 10 Pollution -- 11 Legal Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing -- 12 Illegal Logging, Mining and Poaching -- 13 War -- 14 Conclusion -- VIII Compliance -- 1 Discovering Sites Threatened with Danger -- A Monitoring -- B Reporting -- C Independent Visits -- 2 Recognition of the Danger -- 3 Mitigating Threatened Sites -- A Automatic Review -- B Selective Review and the Question of State Consent -- 4 Removal of Threatened Status -- 5 Conclusion -- IX Financial Assistance, Communication, Constituents and Final Issues -- 1 Financial Assistance -- A Financial Assistance from Internal Sources -- B General Mechanisms -- C Financial Assistance from External Sources -- 2 Education and Communication -- 3 Constituents and Final Issues -- A Secretariats -- B Standing Bodies -- C Non-Governmental Organisations -- D NGO's as Partners.

E NGO's within Official Forums -- F Science and Technical Bodies -- G Submission Procedures -- H The Relationship between Organisations -- I Financing the Regimes -- J Entry into Force -- X Conclusion -- Index.