Molecular to Global Photosynthesis -- CONTENTS -- About the Authors -- Preface -- 1 Photosynthesis and photoconversion J. Barber and M. D. Archer -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Photosynthesis as the creator of fossil fuels and biomass -- 1.1.2 Photosynthesis and the modern atmosphere -- 1.1.3 Fluxes and sinks of photosynthetic carbon -- 1.1.4 Oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis -- 1.2 Evolution and progress of ideas -- 1.2.1 Evolution of photosynthetic organisms -- 1.2.2 Landmarks in photosynthesis research -- 1.3 The 'blue print' of the photosynthetic apparatus -- 1.3.1 Reaction centres -- 1.3.2 Light-harvesting systems -- 1.3.3 Photosynthetic membranes -- 1.3.4 Energetics of electron-transfer processes in reaction centres -- 1.3.5 Reaction centre structures -- 1.3.6 The dark reactions of photosynthesis -- 1.4 Energy-storage efficiency of photosynthesis -- 1.4.1 Carbohydrates -- 1.4.2 Gross efficiency ignoring respiration -- 1.4.3 Net efficiency allowing for respiration -- 1.4.4 Efficiencies achieved in wild and cultivated crops -- 1.5 Energy and chemicals from biomass -- References -- 2 Light absorption and harvesting A. Holzwarth -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 The photosynthetic unit -- 2.1.2 Why are antenna systems necessary? -- 2.2 Theoretical aspects of energy transfer in photosynthetic antennae -- 2.2.1 Forster energy transfer -- 2.2.2 Coherent exciton motion -- 2.3 General principles of organisation of light-harvesting antennae -- 2.3.1 Chlorophylls and carotenoids -- 2.4 Structural and functional basis for light absorption and harvesting -- 2.4.1 Photosystem I -- 2.4.2 Photosystem II core antenna complex -- 2.4.3 Peripheral LHCll complex of PSII and minor light-harvesting complexes -- 2.4.4 The role of carotenoids in PSII -- 2.4.5 Supraorganisation of light-harvesting systems in Photosystem II.

2.4.6 Purple photosynthetic bacterial antennae systems -- 2.4.7 Non-protein containing antenna systems of green bacteria (chlorosomes) -- 2.4.8 The FMO complex -- 2.5 Concluding remarks -- References -- 3 Electron transfer in photosynthesis W. Leibl and P. Mathis -- 3.1 Biological electron transfer -- 3.1.1 Energetics and kinetics of electron transfer -- 3.2 Electron transfer in anoxygenic photosynthesis -- 3.2.1 The electron-transfer chain in anoxygenic photosynthetic systems -- 3.2.2 The reaction centre of purple photosynthetic bacteria -- 3.2.3 The bc1 complex -- 3.2.4 The reaction centre of green sulphur bacteria and Heliobacteria -- 3.3 Electron transfer in oxygenic photosynthesis -- 3.3.1 Overall electron transfer: the Z-scheme -- 3.3.2 Photosystem II reaction centre -- 3.3.3 Photosystem I -- 3.4 Photosynthetic electron transfer: importance of kinetics -- 3.4.1 Electron transfer theory: factors governing kinetics -- 3.4.2 The role of the driving force G -- 3.4.3 The role of the reorganisation energy -- 3.4.4 The role of the distance r -- 3.4.5 Primary charge separation -- Editors' note added in proof -- References -- 4 Photosynthetic carbon assimilation G. E. Edwards and D. A. Walker -- 4.1 Environmental and metabolic role -- 4.2 Chloroplast and cell -- 4.3 C3 photosynthesis in its relation to the photochemistry -- 4.4 The Colvin cycle -- 4.4.1 Carboxylation -- 4.4.2 Mechanism -- 4.4.3 Reduction -- 4.4.4 Regeneration -- 4.4.4 The phosphate translocator -- 4.5 Autocatalysis: adding to the triose phosphate pool -- 4.6 Photorespiration -- 4.6.1 Photorespiration via the Mehler-peroxidase reaction -- 4.6.2 Photorespiration via RuBP oxygenase -- 4.7 CO2-concentrating mechanisms -- 4.7.1 CAM plants -- 4.7.2 C4 plants -- 4.8 Survival and efficiencies of photosynthesis -- References.

5 Regulation of photosynthesis in higher plants D. Godde and J. F. Bornman -- 5.1 Anatomy, morphology and genetic basis of photosynthesis in higher plants -- 5.1.1 Genetic basis -- 5.1.2 Anatomical and morphological leaf features -- 5.1.3 Chloroplast ultrastructure and composition of the photosynthetic apparatus -- 5.2 Adaptation of photosynthetic electron transport to excess irradiance -- 5.2.1 Reversible down-regulation of Photosystem II by non-radiative quenching of excitation energy -- 5.2.2 Irreversible inactivation of PSII -- 5.2.3 Inactivation of the PSI reaction centre -- 5.2.4 Repair of inactivated PSII centres by D1 protein turnover -- 5.3 Regulation of photosynthetic electron transport by CO2 and oxygen -- 5.4 Feedback regulation of photosynthesis -- 5.4.1 Regulation of chloroplast metabolism by phosphate availability -- 5.4.2 Interaction between photosynthesis and assimilate transport -- 5.5 Factors limiting plant growth -- 5.5.1 Low temperatures -- 5.5.2 High temperatures -- 5.5.2 Arid climates -- 5.5.3 Mineral deficiencies -- 5.6 Possible plant responses to future climate changes -- 5.6.1 High CO2 -- 5.6.2 High tropospheric ozone -- 5.6.3 Enhanced UV-B radiation -- 5.7 Improving plant biomass -- References -- 6 The role of aquatic photosynthesis in solar energy conversion: a geoevolutionary perspective P. G. Falkowski, R. Geider and J. A. Raven -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 From the origin of life to the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis -- 6.2.1 The cyanobacteria -- 6.2.2 The eukaryotes -- 6.3 Photophysiological adaptations to aquatic environments -- 6.3.1 Cell size -- 6.3.2 Light and its utilisation -- 6.3.3 Temperature selection -- 6.4 Quantum yields of photosynthesis in the ocean -- 6.5 Net primary production in the contemporary ocean -- 6.6 Biogeochemical controls and consequences -- References.

7 Useful products from algal photosynthesis R. Martinez and Z. Dubinsky -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Microalgae -- 7.2.1 Aquaculture and animal feed -- 7.2.2 Wastewater treatment systems -- 7.2.3 Health food for human consumption -- 7.2.4 Specific products from microalgae -- 7.2.5 Culture systems -- 7.3 Macroalgae -- 7.3.1 Food products and animal feed -- 7.3.2 Wastewater treatment and integrated systems -- 7.3.3 Agricultural uses -- 7.3.4 Specific products from macroalgae -- 7.3.5 Culture systems -- 7.4 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Hydrogen production by photosynthetic microorganisms V. A. Boichenko, E. Greenbaum and M. Seibert -- 8.1 Photobiological hydrogen production-a useful evolutionary oddity -- 8.2 Distribution and activity of H2 photoproducers -- 8.2.1 Photosynthetic bacteria -- 8.2.2 Cyanobacteria -- 8.2.3 Algae -- 8.3 Structure and mechanism of the enzymes catalysing Hz production -- 8.3.1 Nitrogenases -- 8.3.2 Hydrogenases -- 8.4 Metabolic versatility and conditions for hydrogen evolution -- 8.5 Quantum and energetic efficiencies of hydrogen photoproduction -- 8.6 Hydrogen production biotechnology -- 8.6.1 Hydrogen-producing systems -- 8.6.2 Photobioreactors -- 8.7 Future prospects -- Acknowledgments -- Note added in proof -- References -- 9 Photoconversion and energy crops M. J. Bullard -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Definitions -- 9.2 Why grow energy crops? -- 9.2.1 The importance of renewables -- 9.2.2 Biomass and energy crop classification by resource sector -- 9.2.3 Future trends -- 9.2.3 Future trends -- 9.2.4 Discounting carbon sinks -- 9.2.4 The contribution of BECs to CO2 abatement -- 9.2.5 Available resources for biomass and energy cropping -- 9.2.6 The policy framework for energy cropping -- 9.2.7 Examples of existing biomass and energy crop production programmes -- United Kingdom.

United States of America -- Brazil -- Sweden -- 9.3 The nature of biomass -- 9.3.1 Chemical composition, energy and moisture content -- 9.3.2 Conversion routes, current species used and expected yields -- Combustion -- Gasification -- Pyrolysis -- Bio-ethanol -- Biodiesel -- 9.3.3 Crop species and yields -- 9.3.4 Questions of scale -- 9.4 Physiological and agronomic basis of energy capture and the selection of appropriate energy crop species -- 9.4.1 Photosynthesis-an inefficient process -- Global productivity patterns -- 9.4.2 Striving for the ideal energy crop -- 9.4.3 Photosynthetic pathways -- 9.4.4 Radiation interception -- 9.4.5 Canopy structure and duration -- 9.4.6 Pests and pathogens -- 9.4.7 Radiation use efficiency -- 9.4.8 Plant-water relations -- 9.4.9 Moisture content at harvest -- 9.4.10 Crop density -- 9.4.11 Nutrient supply, nutrient status and soils -- 9.4.12 Potential sites for energy cropping -- 9.4.13 Soil preparation, crop planting, harvest and storage -- 9.4.14 Energy balance -- 9.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 10 The production of biofuels by thermal chemical processing of biomass A. V. Bridgwater and K. Maniatis -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Biological conversion summary -- 10.1.2 Biomass resources -- 10.2 Thermal conversion processes -- 10.3 Gasification -- 10.3.1 Downdraft-fixed bed reactors -- 10.3.2 Updraf-fixed bed reactors -- 10.3.3 Bubbling fluid beds -- 10.3.4 Circulating fluid beds -- 10.3.5 Twin fluid beds -- 10.3.6 Entrained beds -- 10.3.7 Other reactors -- 10.3.8 Pressurised gasification -- 10.3.9 Oxygen gasification -- 10.3.10 Integrated gasification combined cycles -- The Varnamo Plant is Sweden -- The ARBRE Plant in Yorkshire, UK -- 10.3.11 Status of biomass gasification technology -- 10.3.12 Fuel gas quality -- 10.3.13 Gas clean-up -- 10.3.14 Hot gas clean-up for particulates.

10.3.15 Tar destruction.