An Introduction to Thermogeology:Ground Source Heating and Cooling -- About the Author -- Acknowledgements -- 1 An Introduction -- 1.1 Who should read this book? -- 1.2 What will this book do and not do? -- 1.3 Why should you read this book? -- 1.4 Thermogeology and hydrogeology -- 2 Geothermal Energy -- 2.1 Geothermal energy and ground source heat -- 2.2 Lord Kelvin's conducting, cooling earth -- 2.3 Geothermal gradient, heat fluxand the structure of the earth -- 2.4 Internal heat generation in the crust -- 2.5 The convecting earth? -- 2.6 Geothermal anomalies -- 2.7 Types of geothermal system -- 2.8 Use of geothermal energy by steam turbines -- 2.9 Binary systems -- 2.10 Direct use -- 2.11 Cascading use -- 2.12 Hot dry rock systems (a.k.a. 'enhanced geothermal systems') -- 2.13 The 'sustainability' of geothermal energy and its environmentalimpact -- 2.14 And if we do not live in Iceland? -- 3 The Subsurface as a Heat StorageReservoir -- 3.1 Specific heat capacity: the ability to store heat -- 3.2 Movement of heat -- 3.3 The temperature of the ground -- 3.4 Geothermal gradient -- 3.5 Geochemical energy -- 3.6 The heat energy budget of our subsurface reservoir -- 4What Is a Heat Pump? -- 4.1 Engines -- 4.2 Pumps -- 4.3 Heat pumps -- 4.4 The rude mechanics of the heat pump -- 4.5Heat pumps for space heating -- 4.6 The efficiency of heat pumps -- 4.7 Ground source heat pumps -- 4.8 GSHPs for cooling -- 4.9 Other environmental sources of heat -- 4.10 The benefits of GSHPs -- 4.11 Capital cost -- 4.12 Other practical considerations -- 4.13 Summary -- 4.14 Challenges: the future -- 5Heat Pumps and Thermogeology:A Brief History and InternationalPerspective -- 5.1 Refrigeration before the heat pump -- 5.2 The overseas ice trade -- 5.3 Artificial refrigeration: who invented the heat pump? -- 5.4 The history of the GSHP.

5.5 The global energy budget: how significant are GSHPs? -- 5.6 Ground source heat: a competitor in energy markets? -- 6Options and Applications forGround Source Heat Pumps -- 6.1 How much heat do I need? -- 6.2 Sizing a GSHP -- 6.3 Types of ground source heat system: open-loop systems -- 6.4 Closed-loop systems -- 6.5 Domestic hot water by ground source heat pumps? -- 6.6 Heating and cooling delivery in complex systems -- 6.7 Heat from ice -- 7The Design of Groundwater-BasedOpen-Loop Systems -- 7.1 Common design flaws of open-loop groundwater systems -- 7.2Aquifers, aquitards and fractures -- 7.3 Transmissivity -- 7.4 Confined and unconfined aquifers -- 7.5 Abstraction well design in confined and unconfined aquifers -- 7.6 Design yield, depth and drawdown -- 7.7 Real wells and real aquifers -- 7.8 Sources of information -- 7.9 Multiple wells in a wellfield -- 7.10 Hydraulic feedback in a well doublet -- 7.11 Heat migration in the groundwater environment -- 7.12Theoretical and real examples -- 7.13 ATES: thermally balanced systems and seasonal reversal -- 7.14 Groundwater modelling -- 7.15 Further reading -- 8Horizontal Closed-Loop Systems -- 8.1 Depth of burial -- 8.2 Loop material -- 8.3Carrier fluid -- 8.4 Carrier fluid flow conditions -- 8.5 Geometry of installation -- 8.6 Horizontal ground collectors and soil properties -- 8.7 Earth tubes: air as a carrier fluid -- 9 Pond- and Lake-Based Ground -- 9.1 The physics of lakes -- 9.2 Some rules of thumb -- 9.3The heat balance of a lake -- 9.4 Open-loop lake systems -- 9.5 Closed-loop surface water systems -- 9.6 Closed-loop systems - environmental considerations -- 10 Subsurface Heat Conduction and the Design of Borehole-Based Closed-Loop Systems -- 10.1 Rules of thumb? -- 10.2Common design flaws -- 10.3 Subsurface heat conduction -- 10.4 Analogy between heat flow and groundwater flow.

10.5 Claesson and Eskilson's solutions -- 10.6 Real closed-loop boreholes -- 10.7 Application of theory - an example -- 10.8 Multiple borehole arrays -- 10.9 Balanced UTES (Underground Thermal Energy Storage) systems -- 11 Standing Column Wells -- 11.1 'Standing column' systems -- 11.2 The maths -- 11.3 The cost of SCWs -- 11.4 SCW systems in practice -- 11.5 A brief case study: Grindon camping barn -- 11.6 A final twist - the JacobDoub let Well -- 12 Thermal Response Testing -- 12.1 Sources of thermogeological data -- 12.2 The thermal response test -- 12.3 Sources of uncertainty -- 12.4 Non-uniform geology -- 12.5 The practicalities: the test rig -- 12.6 Test procedure -- 12.7Non-constant power input -- 12.8 Analogies with hydrogeology -- 13 Environmental Impact, Regulation and Subsidy -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Heat as a pollutant -- 13.3 Environmental impact of closed-loop systems -- 13.4 Environmental impact of groundwater-based open-loop systems -- 13.5 Decommissioning of boreholes -- 13.6 A whistle-stop tour of regulatory environments -- 13.7 Promoting technology: subsidy -- 13.8 The final word -- References -- Glossary -- Symbols -- Units -- Index.