An Introduction to Thermogeology: Ground Source Heating and Cooling -- Contents -- About the Author -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Acknowledgements -- 1: An Introduction -- 1.1: Who should read this book? -- 1.2: What will this book do and not do? -- 1.3: Why should you read this book? -- 1.4: Thermogeology and hydrogeology -- 2: Geothermal Energy -- 2.1: Geothermal energy and ground source heat -- 2.2: Lord Kelvin's conducting, cooling earth -- 2.3: Geothermal gradient, heat f lux and the structure of the earth -- 2.4: Internal heat generation in the crust -- 2.5: The convecting earth? -- 2.6: Geothermal anomalies -- 2.7: Types of geothermal system -- 2.8: Use of geothermal energy to produce electricity by steam turbines -- 2.9: Binary systems -- 2.10: Direct use -- 2.11: Cascading use -- 2.12: Hot dry rock systems [a.k.a. 'enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)'] -- 2.13: The 'sustainability' of geothermal energy and its environmental impact -- 2.14: And if we do not live in Iceland? -- 3: The Subsurface as a Heat Storage Reservoir -- 3.1: Specific heat capacity: the ability to store heat -- 3.2: Movement of heat -- 3.3: The temperature of the ground -- 3.4: Insolation and atmospheric radiation -- 3.5: Cyclical temperature signals in the ground -- 3.6: Geothermal gradient -- 3.7: Human sources of heat in the ground -- 3.8: Geochemical energy -- 3.9: The heat energy budget of our subsurface reservoir -- 3.10: Cyclical storage of heat -- 3.11: Manipulating the ground heat reservoir -- 4: What Is a Heat Pump? -- 4.1: Engines -- 4.2: Pumps -- 4.3: Heat pumps -- 4.4: The rude mechanics of the heat pump -- 4.5: Absorption heat pumps -- 4.6: Heat pumps for space heating -- 4.7: The efficiency of heat pumps -- 4.8: Air-sourced heat pumps -- 4.9: Ground source heat pumps -- 4.10: Seasonal performance factor (SPF).

4.11: GSHPs for cooling -- 4.12: Other environmental sources of heat -- 4.13: The benefits of GSHPs -- 4.14: Capital cost -- 4.15: Other practical considerations -- 4.16: The challenge of delivering efficient GSHP systems -- 4.17: Challenges: the future -- 4.18: Summary -- 5: Heat Pumps and Thermogeology: A Brief History and International Perspective -- 5.1: Refrigeration before the heat pump -- 5.2: The overseas ice trade -- 5.3: Artificial refrigeration: who invented the heat pump? -- 5.4: The history of the GSHP -- 5.5: The global energy budget: how significant are GSHPs? -- 5.6: Ground source heat: a competitor in energy markets? -- 6: Ground Source Cooling -- 6.1: Our cooling needs in space -- 6.2: Scale effects and our cooling needs in time -- 6.3: Traditional cooling -- 6.4: Dry coolers -- 6.5: Evaporation -- 6.6: Chillers/heat pumps -- 6.7: Absorption heat pumps -- 6.8: Delivery of cooling in large buildings -- 6.9: Dehumidification -- 6.10: Passive cooling using the ground -- 6.11: Active ground source cooling -- 6.12: An example of open-loop groundwater cooling -- 7: Options and Applications for Ground Source Heat Pumps -- 7.1: How much heat do I need? -- 7.2: Sizing a GSHP -- 7.3: Open-loop ground source heat systems -- 7.4: Closed-loop systems -- 7.5: Domestic hot water by ground source heat pumps? -- 7.6: Heating and cooling delivery in complex systems -- 7.7: Heat from ice -- 8: The Design of Groundwater-Based Open-Loop Systems -- 8.1: Common design f laws of open-loop groundwater systems -- 8.2: Aquifers, aquitards and fractures -- 8.3: Transmissivity -- 8.4: Confined and unconfined aquifers -- 8.5: Abstraction well design in confined and unconfined aquifers -- 8.6: Design yield, depth and drawdown -- 8.7: Real wells and real aquifers -- 8.8: Sources of information -- 8.9: Multiple wells in a wellfield.

8.10: Hydraulic feedback in a well doublet -- 8.11: Heat migration in the groundwater environment -- 8.12: The importance of three-dimensionality -- 8.13: Mathematical reversibility -- 8.14: Sustainability: thermally balanced systems and seasonal reversal -- 8.15: Groundwater modelling -- 8.16: Examples of open-loop heating/cooling schemes -- 8.17: Further reading -- 9: Pipes, Pumps and the Hydraulics of Closed-Loop Systems -- 9.1: Our overall objective -- 9.2: Hydraulic resistance of the heat exchanger -- 9.3: The hydraulic resistance of pipes -- 9.4: Acceptable hydraulic losses -- 9.5: Hydraulic resistances in series and parallel -- 9.6: An example -- 9.7: Selecting pumps -- 9.8: Carrier f luids -- 9.9: Manifolds -- 9.10: Hydraulic testing of closed loops -- 9.11: Equipping a ground loop -- 10: Subsurface Heat Conduction and the Design of Borehole-Based Closed-Loop Systems -- 10.1: Rules of thumb? -- 10.2: Common design f laws -- 10.3: Subsurface heat conduction -- 10.4: Analogy between heat f low and groundwater f low -- 10.5: Carslaw, Ingersoll, Zobel, Claesson and Eskilson's solutions -- 10.6: Real closed-loop boreholes -- 10.7: Application of theory - an example -- 10.8: Multiple borehole arrays -- 10.9: Simulating cooling loads -- 10.10: Simulation time -- 10.11: Stop press -- 11: Horizontal Closed-Loop Systems -- 11.1: Principles of operation and important parameters -- 11.2: Depth of burial -- 11.3: Loop materials and carrier f luids -- 11.4: Ground conditions -- 11.5: Areal constraints -- 11.6: Geometry of installation -- 11.7: Modelling horizontal ground exchange systems -- 11.8: Earth tubes: air as a carrier f luid -- 12: Pond- and Lake-Based Ground Source Heat Systems -- 12.1: The physics of lakes -- 12.2: Some rules of thumb -- 12.3: The heat balance of a lake -- 12.4: Open-loop lake systems -- 12.5: Closed-loop surface water systems.

12.6: Closed-loop systems - environmental considerations -- 13: Standing Column Wells -- 13.1: 'Standing column' systems -- 13.2: The maths -- 13.3: The cost of SCWs -- 13.4: SCW systems in practice -- 13.5: A brief case study: Grindon Camping Barn -- 13.6: A f inal twist - the Jacob doublet well -- 14: Thinking Big: Large-Scale Heat Storage and Transfer -- 14.1: The thermal capacity of a building footprint -- 14.2: Simulating closed-loop arrays with balanced loads -- 14.3: A case study of a balanced scheme: car showroom, Bucharest -- 14.4: Balancing loads -- 14.5: Deliberate thermal energy storage - closed-loop borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) -- 14.6: Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) -- 14.7: UTES and heat pumps -- 14.8: Regional transfer and storage of heat -- 15: Thermal Response Testing -- 15.1: Sources of thermogeological data -- 15.2: Laboratory determination of thermal conductivity -- 15.3: The thermal response test (TRT) -- 15.4: The practicalities: the test rig -- 15.5: Test procedure -- 15.6: Sources of uncertainty -- 15.7: Non-uniform geology -- 15.8: Non-constant power input -- 15.9: Groundwater f low -- 15.10: Analogies with hydrogeology -- 15.11: Thermal response testing for horizontal closed loops -- 16: Environmental Impact, Regulation and Geohazards -- 16.1: The regulatory framework -- 16.2: Thermal risks -- 16.3: Hydraulic risks -- 16.4: Geotechnical risks -- 16.5: Contamination risks -- 16.6: Geochemical risks -- 16.7: Microbiological risks -- 16.8: Excavation and drilling risks -- 16.9: Decommissioning of boreholes -- 16.10: Promoting technology: subsidy -- 16.11: The f inal word -- References -- Study Question Answers -- Symbols -- Glossary -- Units -- Index.