Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Table of acronyms -- Introduction -- I Emerging issues -- 1 Current trends in microinsurance -- 1.1 The definition of microinsurance is becoming operational -- 1.2 More low-income households are covered by insurance -- 1.3 Stakeholders in microinsurance are becoming more diverse -- 1.4 Providers are offering an expanding and varied range of products -- 1.5 There is greater concern that insurance provides value to the insured -- 1.6 Conclusion -- 2 The potential of microinsurance for social protection -- 2.1 Scope and functions of social protection -- 2.2 Social protection in developing countries -- 2.3 Microinsurance as a social protection tool -- 2.4 Conclusion: The need for a systematic approach -- 3 What is the impact of microinsurance? -- 3.1 What is impact? -- 3.2 The current literature -- 3.3 Expected and observed impact of microinsurance -- 3.4 Conclusion -- 4 Microinsurance and climate change -- 4.1 The impact of climate change -- 4.2 Microinsurance and weather events -- 4.3 Operational challenges and solutions -- 4.4 Role of key stakeholders -- 4.5 Conclusion -- Table -- 1.1 Estimated outreach of microinsurance: Millions of risks covered -- 2.1 Overview of social protection schemes organized by the various players -- 3.1 Impact assessment framework and evidence from studies reviewed -- 4.1 Projections of extreme weather and climate events -- 4.2 Possible effects of climate change in classes of insurance, 2030-2050 -- 4.3 Dimensions of insurance: Scale, products, beneficiaries -- Figure -- 1.1 Microinsurance risks covered in Colombia -- 1.2 Insurer motivations for entering microinsurance -- 1.3 Distribution channels for commercial insurers -- 1.4 International Microinsurance Conference attendance -- 1.5 Evolution of microinsurance products and processes.

1.6 Th e demonstration effect chain of microinsurance market development -- 2.1 The gap in social protection coverage in a typical developing country -- 2.2 The promotional function of social protection: Breaking the vicious circle of poverty and vulnerability -- 2.3 Possible roles of microinsurance as a social protection instrument -- 4.1 Global and continental temperature change -- Box -- 1.1 Supply of and demand for microinsurance in South Africa -- 1.2 Origins of microinsurance -- 1.3 Critique of the BoP approach -- 1.4 The Access to Insurance Initiative -- 2.1 The National Health Insurance Act of Ghana -- 2.2 The Viet Nam social risk funds -- 3.1 Impact of social health insurance schemes -- 3.2 Impact of "Yeshasvini" Health Insurance Programme in India -- 3.3 Insurance, credit and technology adoption in Malawi -- 4.1 ICICI Lombard's rainfall index cover, India -- 4.2 Drought insurance, Malawi -- 4.3 HARITA (Horn of Africa Risk Transfer for Adaptation), Ethiopia -- 4.4 CLIMBS (Coop Life Insurance and Mutual Benefi t Services), Philippines -- 4.5 MiCRO (Microinsurance Catastrophic Risk Organization), Haiti -- 4.6 Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF) -- 4.7 Catastrophic farming insurance for climatic events, Mexico -- 4.8 SystemAgro, PPP approach in Turkey -- II Health insurance -- 5 Innovations and barriers in health microinsurance -- 5.1 Evidence of the impact of health microinsurance -- 5.2 Demand and supply challenges for health microinsurance -- 5.3 Innovations and interventions for health microinsurance -- 5.4 The way forward -- 6 Third-party payment mechanisms in health microinsurance -- 6.1 Current TPP practices -- 6.2 Establishing and managing a TPP mechanism -- 6.3 Conclusions -- 7 The elusive quest for estimates of willingness to pay for health microinsurance -- 7.1 Methods of eliciting WTP.

7.2 Search of relevant WTP experiments -- 7.3 Key findings -- 7.4 Lessons learned and implications for practitioners -- Box -- 5.1 Expanding member benefits in India -- 5.2 Making premium payments easier -- 5.3 Mobile technology to connect doctors with rural patients -- 6.1 Understanding the vocabulary: "cashless" and TPP mechanism -- 6.2 Claims models in HMI schemes -- 6.3 GRET-SKY's experience with capitation -- 6.4 A co-payment to limit over-utilization by clients induces moral hazard byproviders -- 6.5 Preventing fraud without photograph identification -- 6.6 Monitoring the service quality of health care -- 6.7 Improving quality of care -- 6.8 The claims administration function -- 6.9 Balancing premium and capitation payments -- Table -- 6.1 Summary of case study information -- 6.2 Possible advantages and disadvantages of TPP mechanisms -- 6.3 Advantages and disadvantages of the different payment methods -- 7.1 Advantages and disadvantages of different elicitation methods -- 7.2 Overview of the data, locations and method of elicitation of WTP used -- 7.3 Association between income and WTP -- 7.4 Association of WTP with socio-economic parameters -- 7.5 Effect of healthcare availability on WTP -- 7.6 Effect of health expenditure on WTP -- Figure -- 6.1 TPP mechanism -- 6.2 Integrated care and financing model -- 6.3 Reimbursement model -- III Life insurance -- 8 Savings in microinsurance: Lessons from India -- 8.1 Saving and insurance considerations -- 8.2 Products considered -- 8.3 Key lessons learned -- 8.4 Concluding thoughts and way forward -- 9 Improving credit life microinsurance -- 9.1 What is credit life insurance? -- 9.2 Who benefits from credit life? -- 9.3 Quantifying the value of credit life -- 9.4 Existing expanded products -- 9.5 Operational aspects -- 9.6 Conclusions and recommendations -- 10 Funeral insurance.

10.1 Funeral cover matters -- 10.2 Key characteristics of funeral cover -- 10.3 Delivering value -- 10.4 Conclusion -- Table -- 8.1 Key features of products assessed -- 9.1 Key performance indicators for credit life -- 9.2 Value for money of credit life programmes(ranked by claims ratio) -- 10.1 Thembi's coping strategies -- 10.2 Types of funeral insurance providers -- 10.3 Alternative distribution: Pep-Hollard, South Africa -- Box -- 8.1 Channel experimentation in Max Vijay -- 9.1 Impact on clients -- 9.2 Credit life as a competitive advantage in Cambodia -- 9.3 Benefit flows in credit life -- 10.1 Mapping funeral insurance -- 10.2 Why have multiple funeral insurance policies? -- 10.4 Alternative distribution: CODENSA Mapfre, Colombia -- 10.5 Th e importance of claims: Alternative Insurance Company (AIC), Haiti -- 10.6 The role of market research in designing funeral-plus products -- IV General insurance -- 11 Designed for development impact: Next-generation index insurance for smallholder farmers -- 11.1 Agricultural index insurance basics -- 11.2 Designing contracts to minimize basis risk -- 11.3 Interlinking insurance and credit -- 11.4 Conclusion: Designed for development impact -- Appendix - Simulation analysis index insurance versus self-insurance -- 12 Livestock insurance: Helping vulnerable livestock keepers manage their risk -- 12.1 Why livestock insurance? -- 12.2 Livestock insurance provision to the poor -- 12.3 Difficulties in providing livestock insurance -- 12.4 Catalysing the market: Innovations to make livestock insurance viable -- 12.5 Conclusion -- Figure -- 11.1 A stylized rainfall index insurance contract -- 11.2 Yield prediction using satellite data -- 11.3 Calculation of VCI using maximum and minimum NDVI -- 11.4 Insuring the traditional technology -- 11.5 Interlinking insurance and credit for technology take-up -- Table.

12.1 Types of risk in livestock livelihoods -- 12.2 Chronological events in the insurance history of India -- 12.3 Comparison of different techniques for identification of livestock -- 12.4 Index-based insurance experiments for livestock insurance -- 12.5 Parameters of performance for LPS, Andhra Pradesh, India -- Box -- 12.1 Livestock risk management strategy by BASIX, India -- 12.2 Improving the viability of livestock insurance at IFFCO-Tokio -- 12.3 Index-based livestock cover in Mongolia -- 12.4 Paying the premium after the term? -- V Insurance and the low-income market -- 13 The psychology of microinsurance: Small changes can make a surprising difference -- 13.1 Small changes can make a surprising difference -- 13.2 Strategies -- 13.3 Conclusion -- 14 Emerging practices in consumer education on risk management and insurance -- 14.1 Content of consumer education -- 14.2 Delivery of consumer education -- 14.3 Sustainability and business model for consumer education -- 14.4 Conclusion -- 15 Improving client value: Insights from India, Kenya, and the Philippines -- 15.1 Client value assessment framework and tool -- 15.2 Value-creation opportunities -- 15.3 Setting benchmarks: Informal mechanisms and social security schemes -- 15.4 Relative value from products at the country level -- 16 Microinsurance that works for women -- 16.1 Gender and risk in poor households -- 16.2 Traditional risk management and coping strategies -- 16.3 Gender-sensitive microinsurance -- 16.4 Conclusion: A call to action -- 17 Formalizing the informal insurance inherentin migration: Exploring potential links betweenmigration, remittances and microinsurance -- 17.1 Demand considerations for migration-linked insurance -- 17.2 Framework: The 3Hs of migration-linked insurance -- 17.3 Legal and regulatory challenges.

17.4 Operational opportunities and challenges to migration- and remittance- linked insurance.