Cover -- Handbook of biofuels production: Processes and technologies -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributor contact details -- Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy -- Foreword -- Part I Key issues and assessment of biofuels production -- 1 Introduction: an overview of biofuels and production technologies -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Development of (bio)chemical conversion technologies -- 1.3 Development of biological conversion technologies -- 1.4 Development of thermochemical conversion technologies -- 1.5 Integration of biofuels into biorefineries -- 1.6 Future trends -- 1.7 Acknowledgements -- 1.8 Sources of further information -- 1.9 References -- 2 Multiple objectives policy for biofuels production: environmental, socio-economic and regulatory issues -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Energy security and supply -- 2.3 Emission reductions, land use and other environmental impacts -- 2.4 Food safety and development of rural areas -- 2.5 Biofuels support policies -- 2.6 Conclusions and future trends -- 2.7 List of selected economies in Fig. 2.1 and 2.2, and Tables 2.1 and 2.2 -- 2.8 References -- 3 Life cycle sustainability assessment of biofuels -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sustainability issues along the life cycle of biofuels -- 3.3 Environmental sustainability of biofuels -- 3.4 Economic sustainability of biofuels -- 3.5 Future trends -- 3.6 Appendix: Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology -- 3.7 Sources of further information -- 3.8 References -- 4 Vegetable-based feedstocks for biofuels production -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Most frequent vegetable raw materials to produce first-generation biodiesel -- 4.3 Raw materials to produce low-cost biodiesel -- 4.4 Vegetable raw materials to produce bioethanol -- 4.5 Vegetable raw materials to produce biofuels from other technologies -- 4.6 Acknowledgements -- 4.7 References.

Part II Biofuels from chemical and biochemical conversion processes and technologies -- 5 Production of biodiesel via chemical catalytic conversion -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Biodiesel definition -- 5.3 Treatment of the feedstocks prior to production of the biodiesel -- 5.4 Current technologies of biodiesel production -- 5.5 Purification of biodiesel -- 5.6 Industrial production of biodiesel -- 5.7 Influence of the feedstock and technology on biodiesel properties -- 5.8 Conclusions and future trends -- 5.9 References -- 6 Biochemical catalytic production of biodiesel -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The enzymatic process -- 6.3 Limitations of the enzymatic approach -- 6.4 Sources of the enzyme: lipase -- 6.5 Feedstock -- 6.6 Acyl acceptors -- 6.7 Effect of temperature -- 6.8 Immobilized lipase -- 6.9 Kinetics of enzymatic production of biodiesel -- 6.10 Future trends -- 6.11 Sources of further information -- 6.12 References -- 7 Production of glycerol-free and alternative biodiesels -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Novel types of biodiesel: biofuels that incorporate glycerol into their composition -- 7.3 Advantages in the use of biofuels integrating glycerol -- 7.4 Processing of oils and fats in the current oil refining plants -- 7.5 Future trends -- 7.6 References -- 8 Biodiesel production from microbial oil -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Microorganisms and raw materials used for microbial oil production -- 8.3 The biochemistry of lipid accumulation in the oleaginous microorganisms -- 8.4 Biodiesel production from single cell oil -- 8.5 Future trends -- 8.6 References -- 9 Biochemical production of bioethanol -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Properties -- 9.3 Feedstocks -- 9.4 Processing technology -- 9.5 Pilot plant for ethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstock -- 9.6 Environmental aspects of ethanol as a biofuel -- 9.7 Future trends -- 9.8 References.

10 Biochemical production of biobutanol -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Principles, materials and feedstocks -- 10.3 Process technologies and techniques -- 10.4 Modeling and optimization -- 10.5 Advantages and limitations -- 10.6 Future trends -- 10.7 Sources of further information and advice -- 10.8 Acknowledgments -- 10.9 References -- 11 Biochemical production of other bioalcohols: biomethanol, biopropanol, bioglycerol, and bioethylene glycol -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Biomethanol -- 11.3 Biopropanol -- 11.4 Bioglycerol -- 11.5 Bio-ethylene glycol -- 11.6 Other possible bioalcohols -- 11.7 Advantages and limitations -- 11.8 Conclusions and future trends -- 11.9 Sources of further information and advice -- 11.10 References -- 12 Production of biogas via anaerobic digestion -- 12.1 Introduction: the anaerobic digestion process -- 12.2 Factors affecting the anaerobic digestion process -- 12.3 Advantages and limitations -- 12.4 Process integration for biogas production -- 12.5 Process modelling -- 12.6 Process monitoring and control -- 12.7 Biogas utilisation -- 12.8 Existing biogas installations -- 12.9 Conclusions and future trends -- 12.10 Sources of further information and advice -- 12.11 References -- 13 Biological and fermentative production of hydrogen -- 13.1 Hydrogen -- 13.2 Biological hydrogen production methods -- 13.3 Fermentative hydrogen production -- 13.4 Hydrogen economy -- 13.5 Advantages and limitations -- 13.6 Future trends -- 13.7 Sources of further information and advice -- 13.8 References -- Part III Biofuels from thermal and thermo-chemical conversion processes and technologies -- 14 Production of bio-oils via catalytic pyrolysis -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Pyrolysis: a brief background -- 14.3 Pyrolysis economics -- 14.4 Catalytic pyrolysis: catalysis -- 14.5 Catalytic pyrolysis for improved pyrolysis-oil generation.

14.6 Reactors for catalytic pyrolysis -- 14.7 Catalysts used in catalytic pyrolysis -- 14.8 Conclusions and future trends -- 14.9 Acknowledgements -- 14.10 References -- 15 Production of biofuels via catalytic cracking -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Catalytic cracking of highly oxygenated biomass-derived feedstocks -- 15.3 Catalytic cracking of triglyceride-based feedstocks -- 15.4 Co-processing of triglycerides and petrol feedstocks mixtures in fluid catalytic cracking refinery units -- 15.5 Future trends -- 15.6 References -- 16 Production of bio-syngas and biohydrogen via gasification -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Mechanism of gasification -- 16.3 Factors affecting performance of gasification -- 16.4 Types of gasifier -- 16.5 Modeling of the gasifier -- 16.6 Designing of gasifier -- 16.7 Conclusions -- 16.8 Sources of further information and advice -- 16.9 References -- 17 Production of bioalcohols via gasification -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Gasification routes for alcohol production -- 17.3 Conceptual design of a bio waste ethanol plant -- 17.4 Conclusions and future trends -- 17.5 Acknowledgements -- 17.6 Notes -- 17.7 References -- 18 Production of biofuels via hydrothermal conversion -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Chemistry, product characteristics and product distribution -- 18.3 Process layout -- 18.4 Process development and demonstration activities -- 18.5 Current research -- 18.6 Conclusions and future trends -- 18.7 References -- 19 Production of biofuels via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: biomass-to-liquids -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Biomass-to-liquids-Fischer-Tropsch process technologies and techniques -- 19.3 Biomass gasification to syngas -- 19.4 Synthesis of biofuels via Fischer-Tropsch -- 19.5 Upgrading of biomass-to-liquids-Fischer-Tropsch products -- 19.6 Biomass-to-liquids-Fischer-Tropsch final fuel products.

19.7 Commercial status of the biomass-to-liquidsFischer-Tropsch processes -- 19.8 Future trends -- 19.9 References -- 20 Production of biofuels via biomass reforming -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Related technologies -- 20.3 Chemical thermodynamics -- 20.4 Feedstocks and processes -- 20.5 Description of the ongoing research and status of proposed and tested technologies for biomass reforming -- 20.6 Conclusions -- 20.7 References -- Part IV Integrated production and application of biofuels: biorefineries, by-product valorisation and engine utilisation -- 21 Biofuel-driven biorefineries for the co-production of transportation fuels and added-value products -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Biofuel-driven biorefineries: conventional biofuels -- 21.3 Biofuel-driven biorefineries: advanced biofuels -- 21.4 Optimising biomass value chains -- 21.5 Current status and future trends -- 21.6 Sources of further information -- 21.7 References -- 22 Valorization of by-products for the production of biofuels -- 22.1 Composition of deodorizer distillate -- 22.2 Applications and estimates of deodorizer distillates -- 22.3 Production of biodiesel/biofuel from deodorizer distillates -- 22.4 Recovery of sterols, tocopherols and squalene from deodorizer distillate -- 22.5 Future trends -- 22.6 Acknowledgements -- 22.7 References -- 23 Utilisation of biofuels in diesel engines -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Utilisation of vegetable pure plant oil and crude oil in diesel engines -- 23.3 Utilisation of biodiesel based palm oil, jatropha oil, coconut oil and kapok nut oil in diesel engines -- 23.4 Utilisation of biodiesel B5 based cat-fish fat in diesel engines -- 23.5 The concept of using biofuel in engines (prime movers) -- 23.6 Conclusions -- 23.7 References -- Index.