Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Part I: Cork Oak Trees and Woodlands -- Ch. 1: The Tree, Juli G. Pausas, João S. Pereira, and James Aronson -- Biogeography -- Flowers and Fruits: The Ecological Role of Acorns -- Cork Harvest: Nature's Gift and Weakened Trees? -- Surviving Fires: The Ecological Role of Cork -- Framework Tree of Natural Ecosystems and Cultural Derivatives -- Site Profile 1.1: Akfadou, Algeria, Mahand Messaoudène and Hachemi Merouani -- Ch. 2: Origin and Genetic Variability, Roselyne Lumaret, Unai López de Heredia, and Alvaro Soto -- Variation and Introgression -- Origins and Migration Routes -- Unresolved Questions -- Implications for Conservation of Cork Oak Genetic Resources -- Ch. 3: Open Woodlands: A Diversity of Uses (and Overuses), Miguel Bugalho, Tobias Plieninger, James Aronson, Mohammed Ellatifi, and David Gomes Crespo -- A System with Different Names -- One System, Multiple Land Uses -- Recent Trends of Transformation and Degradation -- Conclusions -- Site Profile 3.1: Aguelmous, Morocco, Mohammed Ellatifi -- Ch. 4: Historical Perspective of Montados: The Example of Évora, Teresa Pinto-Correia and Ana Margarida Fonseca -- Land Use before the Fifteenth Century -- Land Use between the Fifteenth and Eighteenth Centuries -- Land Use in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: Emergence of the Montado -- Conclusions -- Site Profile 4.1: Machuqueria do Grou, Portugal, Nuno de Almeida Ribeiro -- Ch. 5: Cork Bottle Stoppers and Other Cork Products, Américo M. S. Carvalho Mendes and José A. R. Graça -- Cork as an Industrial Material -- Economic History of the Cork Sector -- Conclusions -- Part II: Scientific Bases for Restoration and Management -- Ch. 6: Coping with Drought, João S. Pereira, Cathy Kurz-Besson, and M. Manuela Chaves -- The Limits of Survival -- Water Deficits and Growth.

Water Deficits and Cork Stripping -- Conclusions -- Ch 7: Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Its Role in Seedling Response to Drought, Daniel Mousain, Hassan Boukcim, and Franck Richard -- Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Diversity in Mediterranean Oaks -- The Role of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Drought Tolerance of Trees -- Cork Oak Response to Drought and ECMs -- Conclusions -- Ch. 8: Soil Properties Constraining Cork Oak Distribution, Isabel Serrasolses, Marian Pérez-Devesa, Alberto Vilagrosa, Juli G. Pausas, Teresa Sauras, Jordi Cortina, and V. Ramon Vallejo -- Soil Characteristics -- Cork Oak on Soils Developed over Carbonate Rocks: The Case of Pinet -- Cork Oak Establishment in Contrasted Soils: A Lysimeter Experiment -- Conclusions -- Site Profile 8.1: Espadà, Calderona, and Pinet, Spain, Juli G. Pausas and V. Ramon Vallejo -- Ch. 9: Coping with Pests and Diseases, Manuela Branco and Ana Paula Ramos -- Biotic Factors Affecting Acorns, Seedlings, and Young Plantings -- Biotic Factors Affecting Mature Trees -- Decline and Loss of Productivity in Adult Stands: Forestry Practices and Protection -- Conclusions -- Site Profile 9.1: Maremma, Italy, Federico Selvi -- Ch. 10: Natural Regeneration, Juli G. Pausas, Teodoro Marañón, Maria Caldeira, and Josep Pons -- From Seed to Seedling -- Seedling Performance -- Recruitment Patterns: Three Case Studies -- Conclusions -- Site Profile 10.1: Hayouna, Morocco, Mohamed Abourouh -- Part III: Restoration in Practice -- Ch. 11: Germplasm Selection and Nursery Techniques, Maria Helena Almeida, Hachemi Merouani, Filipe Costa e Silva, Jordi Cortina, Roman Trubat, Esteban Chirino, Alberto Vilagrosa, Abdelhamid Khaldi, Boutheina Stiti, Sidi Lotfi El Alami, and V. Ramon Vallejo -- Germplasm Selection -- Availability and Quality of Initial Acorn Stock -- Acorn Manipulation, Storage, and Quality Assessment.

Plant Production and Nursery Practices -- Conclusions -- Site Profile 11.1: Aspres and Albères, France, Renaud Piazzetta -- Ch. 12: Field Techniques to Improve Cork Oak Establishment, Jordi Cortina, Marian Pérez-Devesa, Alberto Vilagrosa, Mohamed Abourouh, Mahand Messaoudène, Nora Berrahmouni, Luis Neves Silva, Maria Helena Almeida, and Abdelhamid Khaldi -- Direct Seedling -- Seedling Planting -- Livestock Management -- Conclusions -- Part IV: Economic Analysis -- Ch. 13: Mixed Cork Oak-Stone Pine Woodlands in the Alentejo Region of Portugal, Inocêncio S. Coelho and Pablo Campos -- Mixed Cork Oak and Stone Pine Woodland Areas -- Private Economic Benefits and Cost Valuation Methods -- Color Plates -- Sustainability and Stewardship of Total Economic Value -- Site Profile 13.1: Monchique and Caldeirão, Portugal, José M. D. Rosendo -- Ch. 14: Cork Oak Woodland Conservation and Household Subsistence Economy Challenges in Norther Tunisia, Pablo Camos, Paola Ovando, Ali Chebil, and Hamed Daly-Hassen -- Case Study: Iteimia -- Conclusions -- Site Profile 14.1: Maamora, Morocco, Mohamed Abourouh -- Ch. 15: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Cork Oak Woodland Afforestation and Facilitated Natural Regeneration in Spain, Paola Ovando, Pablo Campos, José L. Oviedo, and Gregorio Montero -- Cork Oak Woodland, Shrubland, Pasture, and Cropland Management Scenarios -- Present Discounted Values of Capital Income from Cork Oak Investment and Noninvestment Scenarios -- Conclusions -- Ch. 16: Manufacture and Trade of Cork Products: An International Perspective, Santiago Zapata, Francisco M. Parejo, Amélia Branco, Michele Gutierrez, J. Ignacio Jiménez Blanco, Renaud Piazzetta, and Andreas Voth -- The Iberization of the Cork Business, 1920s to 1970s -- Manufacture and Trade of Cork Products in the Last Thirty Years: The International Scene -- Conclusions.

Part V: Challenges for the Future -- Ch. 17: Ecoregional Planning for Biodiversity Conservation, Nora Berrahmouni, Pedro Regato, Mohammed Ellatifi, Hamed Daly-Hassen, Miguel Bugalho, Sahraoui Bensaid, Mario Díaz, and James Aronson -- Biodiversity Value and Ecosystem Services -- Challenges for Conservation -- Reconnecting Environmental, Social, and Economic Interests through Landscape Conservation Planning -- Conclusions -- Site Profile 17.1, Los Alcornocales Natural Park, Spain, Teodoro Marañón -- Ch. 18: Facing Climate Change, João S. Pereira, Alexandre Vaz Correia, and Richard Joffre -- Rise in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration -- Rising Temperatures -- Effects on Communities and Ecosystems -- Effects at the Landscape and Regional Scales -- Conclusions -- Ch. 19: Simulating Function and Vulnerability of Cork Oak Woodland Ecosystems, John Tenhunen, Ralf Geyer, João M. B. Carreiras, Nuno de Almeida Ribeiro, Nguyen Q. Dinh, Dennis O. Otieno, and João S. Pereira -- Function and Productivity as Related to Vulnerability Assessments -- The Pixel-Oriented Growth Model for Mediterranean Woodlands -- Conclusions -- Ch. 20: The Way Forward, V. Ramon Vallejo, James Aronson, Juli G. Pausas, João S. Pereira, and Christelle Fontaine -- Cork Oak Decline -- Cork Oak Woodland Products -- Management Options -- Conservation and Restoration -- Coping with Uncertainty -- Glossary -- References -- Editors -- Contributors -- Species Index -- Index.