China's Economy -- CONTENTS -- 1 THE CHINESE ECONOMY, PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE -- Note -- References -- 2 A SURVEY OF RECENT RESEARCH IN CHINESE ECONOMIC HISTORY -- 1. General Introduction: The Field of Economic History of China -- 2. New Development During the Last Two Decades -- 2.1 Re-thinking China in Global History of Post-1750 -- 2.2 'Sinological Approach' Regarding China's Own Performance in Post-1750 -- 3. Directions of Future Research -- Notes -- References -- 3 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION AND LABOUR MARKET CHANGES: IMPLICATIONS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Demographic Transition in China -- 2.1 What are China's Population Policies? -- 2.2 Declining Fertility -- 2.3 Demographic Transition and Its Uniqueness -- 3. The Effects on China's Labour Market -- 3.1 Labour Market Changes Driven by Demographic Transitions -- 3.2 Older Workers -- 3.3 Cohort Effects of Education -- 4. The Implications of Demographic Transition for Economic Development -- 4.1 Demographic Dividend and Potential Growth -- 4.2 Ageing and Economic Development -- 5. Policy Implications and Future Research -- 5.1 Policy Implications -- 5.2 Future Research -- Notes -- References -- 4 PENSION REFORM IN CHINA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Demography -- 3. China's Pension System Reform: Challenges and Issues -- 3.1 China's Pre-Reform Pension System -- 3.2 Three-Part Urban Pension System -- 3.2.1 Fragmentation -- 3.2.2 System Deficit and Limited Coverage -- 3.2.3 Investment-Based Accounts -- 3.2.4 Effects on Savings -- 3.2.5 The Transition Path -- 3.3 The Rural Pension System -- 4. Recent Initiatives -- 5. Future Research Directions -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- 5 THE EVOLUTION OF THE HOUSING MARKET AND ITS SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS IN THE POST-REFORM PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: A SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE.

1. Introduction -- 2. Development of the Housing Market -- 2.1 The Prereform Welfare Housing Sector (1949-1978) -- 2.2 Dual-Track Housing Reform (1978-1998) -- 2.2.1 Driving Forces of Reform -- 2.2.2 Institutional Forces -- 2.2.3 Micro Forces -- 2.2.4 Macro Factors -- 2.3 Postreform Institutional Development (Since 1998) -- 3. The Functioning of the Housing Market in the Postreform People's Republic of China -- 3.1 The Dynamics of Price -- 3.1.1 Disputes on Bubbles -- 3.1.2 What Role Does Policy Play in Generating Bubbles? -- 3.2 The Demand Side -- 3.3 The Supply Side -- 3.4 The People's Republic of China's Housing Finance System -- 3.5 Growing Housing Inequality -- 3.6 Socioeconomic Impacts -- 3.7 Interactions with Urbanization -- 4. Summary and Future Research Directions -- 4.1 Contributions to the General Literature -- 4.2 Research Gaps and Future Research Directions -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- 6 URBANIZATION AND URBAN SYSTEMS IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The PRC's Urbanization and Urban System: Segregation, Repression and Distortion -- 2.1 Intraurban Segregation -- 2.2 Repressed Urbanization -- 2.3 Distorted Urban System -- 3. Impacts of Repressed and Distorted Urbanization -- 3.1 Efficiency Loss -- 3.2 Urban-Rural Gaps and Interregional Inequality -- 3.3 Interhousehold Inequality -- 4. Policy Suggestions -- 4.1 Four Principles to Guide Reform of the Hukou System -- 4.2 The Linking of Land Reform and Hukou Reform Will Ensure a Win-Win Outcome -- 4.3 Other Parallel (Matching) Reform Measures -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- 7 INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: TRENDS, DETERMINANTS, AND PROPOSED REMEDIES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Inequality Profiles -- 2.1 Profile of Interhousehold Inequality.

2.2 Profile of Regional Inequality -- 2.3 The Profile and Importance of the Urban-Rural Disparity -- 3. Sources or Causes of the Rising Inequalities -- 3.1 Institutional Factor: The Hukou System -- 3.2 Policy Issues -- 3.3 Location or Geographic Factors -- 3.4 External Factors: Trade and FDI -- 3.5 Other Factors -- 4. Suggested Interventions -- 4.1 Tackling the Urban-Rural Gaps: Urbanization -- 4.2 Tackling Regional Inequality -- 4.3 Hukou Reform and Social Protection -- 4.4 Other Proposed Remedies -- 5. Summary and Areas for Future Research -- Acknowledgment -- Notes -- References -- 8 THE EVOLVING GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA'S INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR POLLUTION DYNAMICS AND URBAN QUALITY OF LIFE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Changing Geography of China's Industrial Production -- 2.1 Market Fundamentals and the Geographic Dynamics of Industrial Production -- 2.2 The Role of Government in Determining the Geography of Industrial Production -- 3. Implications for Spatial Variation of Pollution and Local QOL -- 3.1 Pollution Production as a Consequence of Industrial Locational Choice -- 3.2 Energy Production as a Function of Industry Location -- 3.3 Spatial Displacement Effects Caused by Differential Environmental Regulation -- 3.4 The Local QOL Impact of Industrial Pollution Dynamics -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- 9 INNOVATION IN CHINA -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Measuring Innovation in China -- 2.1 Input indicators -- 2.1.1 R&D Expenditure -- 2.1.2 R&D Personnel -- 2.2 Output Indicators -- 2.2.1 Patents -- 2.2.2 High-Tech and Service Export -- 2.2.3 Scientific and Technical Journal Articles -- 3. Developing Innovation Capability: The Chinese way -- 3.1 The System Approach -- 3.2 Global Linkages -- 3.2.1 Interfirm Linkages -- 3.2.2 Global Networks of Professionals and Returnees -- 3.2.3 R&D Globalization.

3.3 Dynamics of Catching Up of Latecomers -- 4. Regional Inequality in Innovation and Regional Innovation System -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Notes -- References -- 10 CHINA'S SERVICE TRADE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Performance of China's Service Trade -- 2.1 The Background to China's Service Trade -- 2.2 The Specifics of China's Services Trade -- 2.2.1 China's Services Trade Pattern by Subsector -- 2.2.2 The Geographical Distribution of China's Service Trade -- 2.2.3 China's Service Trade Pattern by Supply Modes -- 2.3 China's Service Trade: Competitiveness by Subsectors -- 2.4 International Comparisons of Openness of China's Services Trade -- 2.4.1 A Frequency Method Measure of China's Service Trade Openness -- 2.4.2 China's Service Trade Degree of Openness, Using a Financial Method Based on Listed Company Financial Reports -- 2.5 FTA Involvement of China's Service Trade -- 3. Services Development in China's Wider Development Strategy -- 4. Evaluating the Impacts of China's Service Trade Liberalization and Development -- 4.1 Impacts on Economic Growth -- 4.2 Impacts on Domestic Technology Accumulation via Technology Diffusion -- 4.3 Impacts on Employment -- 5. Potential Global Implications of China's Service Trade Development -- 5.1 Global Implications of China's Emerging Competitiveness in Offshore Service Outsourcing -- 5.2 Impacts on Global FDI Flows -- 5.3 Impacts on International Migration of Educated Labor -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- INDEX -- EULA.