ENVIRONMENT, ECOLOGY AND EXERGY -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- NOTATION -- ROMAN LETTERS -- GREEK LETTERS -- SUBSCRIPTS -- SUPERSCRIPTS -- ACRONYMS -- GLOSSARY -- EXERGY-BASED ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY TERMINOLOGY -- ENERGY TERMINOLOGY -- EXERGY TERMINOLOGY -- PART I: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND -- Chapter 1 MOTIVATION -- OVERVIEW -- 1.1. ENERGY, ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- 1.2. WHY A BOOK ON EXERGY, ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT? -- 1.3. DEFINING ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- 1.3.1. Ecology -- Ecosystem -- 1.3.2. Environment -- Environmental Impact -- Environmental Science -- Environmental Engineering -- Environmental Impact Assessment -- 1.4. THERMODYNAMICS, EXERGY, ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- 1.5. SCOPE AND FOCUS OF THE BOOK -- 1.6. OUTLINE OF THE BOOK -- 1.7. CLOSING REMARKS -- Chapter 2 BACKGROUND: SOCIETY, SUSTAINABILITY, ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY -- OVERVIEW -- 2.1. SOCIETY -- 2.1.1. Population -- 2.1.2. Living Standards and Economic Development -- 2.1.3. Technology and Industry -- 2.1.4. Culture -- 2.2. SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT -- 2.3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONCERNS -- 2.3.1. Climate Change -- 2.3.2. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion -- 2.3.3. Acid Precipitation -- 2.3.4. Water and Soil Degradation -- 2.3.5. Air Pollution, Smog and Indoor Air Quality -- 2.3.6. Habitat and Biodiversity Reduction -- 2.3.7. Hazardous Waste Disposal and Herbicide and Pesticide Use -- 2.4. ENERGY -- 2.4.1. Energy Use Patterns -- 2.4.2. Options to Address Energy Issues -- 2.4.3. Hydrogen Economy -- 2.5. DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT -- 2.6. INTERRELATIONS -- 2.7. CLOSING REMARKS -- Chapter 3 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ENVIRONMENT, ECOLOGY AND EXERGY -- OVERVIEW -- 3.1. HOW DOES EXERGY RELATE TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT? -- 3.2. OTHER LINKAGES BETWEEN EXERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT.

3.3. MORE RELATIONS LINKING EXERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- 3.4. RELATIONS BETWEEN EXERGY AND ECOLOGY -- 3.5. PAST AND PRESENT OF EXERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY -- 3.6. BENEFITS AND NEEDS -- 3.7. CLOSING REMARKS -- Chapter 4 HISTORY OF EXERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL METHODS -- OVERVIEW -- 4.1. HISTORY OF EXERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY -- 4.1.1. Exergy and the Environment -- 4.1.2. Exergy and Ecology -- 4.1.3. Predicting the Future from the Past -- 4.2. HISTORY OF EXERGY -- 4.2.1. The Early Years -- Maximum Work: Carnot (1824) and Clapeyron (1834) -- Entropy: Clausius (1850) -- Available Energy of Body and Medium: Gibbs (1873-1878) -- Usable Energy: Gouy (1889) and Stodola (1898) -- Generalization and Methodology: Keenan (1951) -- Other Early Developments -- 4.2.2. Towards Maturity -- Exergy: Rant (1956) -- Alternative Definition of Exergy and Anergy: Baehr (1965) -- Expansion of Interest -- Maturity -- 4.3. DEVELOPMENTS OF RELATED DISCIPLINES -- 4.3.1. Exergy, Environment and Ecology -- 4.3.2. Exergy and Economics -- 4.4. CLOSING REMARKS -- PART II: CONCEPTS AND METHODS -- Chapter 5 EXERGY -- OVERVIEW -- 5.1. EXERGY ANALYSIS AND THE PROBLEM WITH ENERGY ANALYSIS -- 5.2. PROCEDURE FOR ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSES -- 5.3. ENERGY AND EXERGY BALANCES -- 5.4. EXERGY AND EXERGY QUANTITIES -- 5.5. THE REFERENCE ENVIRONMENT -- 5.6. EXERGY-BASED EFFICIENCIES -- 5.7. IMPLICATIONS, BENEFITS AND RECOGNITION OF EXERGY ANALYSIS -- 5.8. THE REBOUND EFFECT -- 5.9. CLOSING REMARKS -- Chapter 6 SUITABLE REFERENCE ENVIRONMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTALAND ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS -- OVERVIEW -- 6.1. THE REFERENCE ENVIRONMENT IN EXERGY ANALYSIS -- 6.2. COMPARISON OF NATURAL AND REFERENCE ENVIRONMENTS -- 6.3. MODELS FOR THE REFERENCE ENVIRONMENT -- 6.3.1. Process-Dependent Models -- 6.3.2. Equilibrium and Constrained-Equilibrium Models -- Equilibrium Models.

Constrained-Equilibrium Models -- 6.3.3. Reference-Substance Models -- Natural Reference-Substance Models -- Arbitrary Reference-Substance Models -- 6.3.4. Natural-Environment-Subsystem Models -- Basic Natural-Environment-Subsystem Models -- Enhanced Natural-Environment-Subsystem Models -- 6.4. REFERENCE-ENVIRONMENT MODELS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS -- 6.5. SENSITIVITY OF EXERGY QUANTITIES TO VARIATIONS IN THE REFERENCE ENVIRONMENT -- 6.5.1. Sensitivities of Non-Material Energy and Exergy Flows to Variations in Reference Environment Properties -- Energy and Exergy of Work and Electricity -- Thermal Energy and Thermal Exergy -- 6.5.2. Sensitivities of Material Energy and Exergy to Variations in Reference Environment Properties -- Physical Energy and Exergy of an Ideal Gas -- Physical Energy and Exergy of Water -- Chemical Exergy and Base Enthalpy -- 6.5.3. Sensitivities of Exergy Consumption to Variations in Reference Environment Properties -- 6.5.4. Relation to Climate Change -- 6.6. CLOSING REMARKS -- Chapter 7 EXERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- OVERVIEW -- 7.1. TRENDS AND GENERALITIES -- 7.2. TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT INDICATED BY EXERGY -- 7.2.1. Emission of Waste Exergy -- 7.2.2. Degradation of Resources and Order -- 7.2.3. Creation of Chaos -- 7.2.4. Comparison -- 7.3. EXERGY AS AN INDICATOR FOR POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF EMISSIONS -- 7.4. EXERGY AS AN INDICATOR FOR SUSTAINABILITY -- 7.5. EMISSIONS ALLOCATIONS -- 7.6. LIMITATIONS AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENT -- 7.7. CLOSING REMARKS -- Chapter 8 EXERGY AND ECOLOGY -- OVERVIEW -- 8.1. TRENDS AND GENERALITIES -- 8.2. EXERGY, LIFE AND EVOLUTION -- 8.2.1. The Second Law and Evolution -- 8.2.2. Entropy and Evolution -- 8.2.3. Exergy and Evolution -- 8.3. EXERGY-BASED ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS -- 8.3.1. General Entropy- and Exergy-Based Methods.

8.3.2. Exergy, Buffering Capacity and Constraints -- 8.3.3. Exergy and Structural Changes -- 8.3.4. Exergy Efficiencies of Ecological Processes -- 8.3.5. Exergy and Maturity -- 8.3.6. Exergy and Extremal Principles and Optimization -- 8.3.7. Exergy and Dissipation -- 8.3.8. Exergy and Biodiversity -- 8.3.9. Exergy and Climate Change -- 8.3.10. Exergy and Water Quality -- 8.3.11. Exergy and Ecosystem Health and Quality -- 8.3.12. Exergy and Resources -- 8.4. ECO-EXERGY -- 8.5. EMERGY -- 8.5.1. Emergy-Based Methods -- 8.5.2. Comparisons of Exergy and Emergy -- 8.5.3. Integrating Exergy and Emergy -- 8.6. CLOSING REMARKS -- Chapter 9 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN EXERGY AND OTHER INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT -- OVERVIEW -- 9.1. BASIS OF CORRELATION -- 9.2. POLLUTION LIMITS -- 9.3. METHODS FOR COMPARISON -- 9.4. PRELIMINARY CORRELATIONS -- 9.5. CLOSING REMARKS -- Chapter 10 EXERGY-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL METHODS -- OVERVIEW -- 10.1. REDUCING INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS VIA INCREASED EXERGY EFFICIENCY -- 10.1.1. Exergy and Efficiency Improvement -- 10.1.2. Exergy and Environmental Policy -- 10.2. DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT AND EXERGY -- 10.3. CUMULATIVE EXERGY CONSUMPTION -- 10.4. EXERGY AND LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS -- 10.4.1. Life Cycle Analysis -- 10.4.2. Exergetic Life Cycle Analysis (ExLCA) -- Rationale of ExLCA -- ExLCA Approach and Methodology -- Advantages of ExLCA and Comparison with LCA -- 10.5. EXERGY, INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY AND ECO-INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS -- 10.5.1. Industrial Ecology -- 10.5.2. Industrial Ecology and Exergy -- 10.5.3. Eco-industrial Systems and Exergy -- 10.6. EXERGY AND ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT -- 10.7. EXERGY-BASED ENVIRONMENTALAND ECOLOGICAL TOLERANCES -- 10.8. EXERGY-BASED RENEWABILITY ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY SOURCES AND CARRIERS -- 10.8.1. Resource Renewability -- 10.8.2. Resource Renewability and Thermodynamic Cycles.

Non-renewable Resource Consumption and Waste Generation -- Renewability Indicator -- 10.9. EXCEM ANALYSIS -- 10.10. EXTENDED EXERGY ACCOUNTING -- 10.11. EXERGY-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS OF REGIONS, COUNTRIES AND SECTORS -- 10.11.1. Exergy Analysis of Regions, Countries and Sectors -- 10.11.2. Methodology for Assessment of Links between Exergy Losses and Environmental and Ecological Impacts for Countries, Regions and Sectors -- 10.11.3. Interpretation of Linkages between Exergy Losses and Environmental and Ecological Impacts for Countries, Regions and Sectors -- 10.12. INTEGRATED METHODS -- 10.13. CLOSING REMARKS -- Chapter 11 EXTENDING EXERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY RELATIONS TO ECONOMICS -- OVERVIEW -- 11.1. EXERGY AND ECONOMICS -- 11.1.1. Exergy and Economic Methods -- 11.1.2. Other Exergy and Economic Approaches -- 11.1.3. Exergy and Economic Optimization -- 11.2. ECONOMICS AND EXERGY-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL METHODS -- 11.2.1. Exergy, Environomics and Environmental Economics -- 11.2.2. Exergy, Environmental Costs and Taxation -- 11.2.3. Exergy, Economics and Industrial Ecology -- 11.2.4. Exergy, Economics and Emergy -- 11.2.5. Exergy, Ecology and Economics -- 11.2.6. Exergy and Constraints to Economic Growth -- 11.2.7. Exergy, Economics and Sustainability -- 11.2.8. EXCEM and Economics -- 11.2.9. Extended Exergy Accounting and Economics -- 11.3. TRADE-OFFS INVOLVING EXERGY, ENVIRONMENTAL, ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC PARAMETERS -- 11.4. CLOSING REMARKS -- PART III: APPLICATIONS -- Chapter 12 EXERGY APPLICATIONS -- OVERVIEW -- 12.1. ENGINEERING SYSTEMS -- 12.2. BROADER SYSTEMS -- 12.3. ILLUSTRATIONS -- 12.3.1. Thermal Energy Storage -- 12.3.2. Electrical Heating -- 12.3.3. Combustion -- 12.4. CLOSING REMARKS -- Chapter 13 EXERGY AND ENVIRONMENT APPLICATIONS -- OVERVIEW -- 13.1. HEATING, COOLING AND AIR CONDITIONING.

13.1.1. Heating.