Promoting Health -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- REVIEWERS -- Contents -- Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research -- INTRODUCTION -- A Social Environmental Approach to Health and Health Interventions -- Summary of Findings and Recommendations -- FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Overarching Recommendations -- Addressing Generic Determinants of Health -- Intervention at Multiple Levels -- Promising Intervention Strategies -- Defining "Promising Interventions" -- Interventions Directed at the Social Context -- Understanding and Reducing Socioeconomic, Racial/Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Health -- Opportunities for Intervention Across the Life Span -- Research Needs -- Research on Physiologic Pathways -- Research on Pregnancy -- Research on Interventions in Infancy and Early Childhood -- Research on Health Resources and Strengths of Low Socioeconomic and Ethnic Minority Groups -- Research on Social Contexts and Social Capital -- Research on Legal and Regulatory Interventions -- Research Methodologies -- Cost-Effectiveness Analyses -- Community as Partners -- Funding -- Need for Health Care Funding to Place Greater Emphasis on Prevention -- Need for Interdisciplinary Collaboration -- Refocusing of Research Efforts to Address Fundamental Determinants of Health -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- PAPER CONTRIBUTION A The Contribution of Social and Behavioral Research to an Understanding of the Distribution of Disease … -- INTRODUCTION -- Life Expectancy and Death Rates from All Causes -- UNDERSTANDING VARIATIONS IN HEALTH -- THE DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASE-SOME ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES -- Low Birthweight -- Overall -- Distribution by Race and Socioeconomic Position -- Trends -- Geographic Distribution -- Costs -- Childhood Asthma -- Overall -- Distribution by Race and Socioeconomic Position -- Trends.

Geographic Distribution -- Costs -- Firearm-Related Deaths Among Youth and Young Adults -- Overall -- Distribution by Race and Sex -- Distribution by Socioeconomic Position -- Trends -- Geographic Variation -- Costs -- Cardiovascular Disease in Adults -- Overall -- Distribution by Race and Sex -- Distribution by Socioeconomic Position -- Geographic Variation -- Trends -- Costs -- Overall Breast Cancer -- Overall -- Distribution by Race and Socioeconomic Position -- Trends -- Geographic Variation -- Costs -- Osteoporosis -- Overall -- Distribution by Race and Sex -- Distribution by Socioeconomic Position -- Trends -- Geographic Variation -- Cost -- MAKING SENSE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASE AND ITS DETERMINANTS -- Economic and Social Policies -- Institutions -- Neighborhoods, Communities, and Living Conditions -- Social Relationships -- Individual Risk Factors -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PAPER CONTRIBUTION B Understanding and Reducing Socioeconomic and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Health -- THE NATURE OF SOCIOECONOMIC AND RACIAL/ETHNIC DISPARITIES AND THEIR RELATION TO HEALTH -- A Multivariate, Causal, and Life Course Framework -- Shape of the Relationship Between SES and Health -- PATHWAYS LINKING INDIVIDUAL SOCIOECONOMIC AND RACIAL/ETHNIC STATUS TO HEALTH -- Pathways from SES to Health -- The Limited but Insufficiently Understood Role of Medical Care -- Psychosocial and Environmental Risk Factors -- Socioeconomic Status and Psychosocial and Environmental Risk Factors -- Potentials and Limits of Understanding and Intervening in Pathways -- Understanding Racial/Ethnic Differences in Health -- Race/Ethnicity and Health -- What Is Race? -- Race and SES -- Race, SES, and Health -- Role of Racism or Discrimination -- SOCIOECONOMIC AND RACIAL/ETHNIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL SYSTEMS AS DETERMINANTS OF INDIVIDUAL AND POPULATION HEALTH.

Contextual Effects: Real but Limited -- IMPROVING POPULATION HEALTH AND REDUCING SOCIOECONOMIC AND RACIAL/ETHNIC DISPARITIES THROUGH PLANNED SOCIAL POLICY AND … -- Interventions in Pathways or Mechanisms: Promise and Problems -- Medical Care -- Adaptive Attributes of Disadvantaged Groups -- Social and Economic Change and Policy as Major Determinants of Health -- Macrosocial Change and Health -- Social Welfare and Health -- More Focused Social Policies -- Major Exogenous Income Policies -- Investment in Public Goods and Infrastructure -- The Case of Racial/Ethnic Disparities -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- PAPER CONTRIBUTION C Preconception, Prenatal, Perinatal, and Postnatal Influences on Health -- SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC ANTECEDENTS AND OUTCOMES -- Socioeconomic Disparities -- Gender-Based Roles and Hierarchies -- Social and Economic Roles and Hierarchies -- "Racial" and Ethnic Disparities -- African Americans -- Latinos and Asian Americans or Pacific Islanders -- PSYCHOSOCIAL ANTECEDENTS AND OUTCOMES -- Stress and Adaptation -- Social Support -- POLICY AND PROGRAM STRATEGIES -- Reducing Socioeconomic Health Disparities at Birth -- Expanded Access to Perinatal Health Care for Low-Income Women -- Psychosocial Services for Low-Income Women -- National Healthy Start Program -- National Fetal-Infant Mortality Review -- Reducing Ethnic Health Disparities at Birth -- Demonstration Projects with African American Women -- Demonstration Project with Asian American and Pacific Islander Women -- NEW RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES -- Reconceptualizing Antecedents and Mediating Factors -- Documenting Causal Mechanisms -- Translating Research into Policies and Programs -- REFERENCES -- PAPER CONTRIBUTION D The Healthy Development of Young Children: SES Disparities, Prevention Strategies, and Policy … -- DEFINING HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT FOR YOUNG CHILDREN.

SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES -- Questions to Be Addressed -- Research on Education and Income as Indicators of SES -- Associations Between SES and Child Outcomes -- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Early Schooling Outcomes -- Emotional Health Outcomes -- Physical Health Outcomes -- Summary -- PROCESSES OPERATING IN SES LINKS TO CHILD HEALTH -- Family Processes -- Neighborhood Processes -- Child Care Settings -- LINKS BETWEEN THE CONCEPTUAL WORK AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES -- Family-Level Interventions -- Home-Visiting Programs -- Family Literacy Programs -- Family Support Programs -- Summary of Family-Level Interventions -- Early Childhood Education Interventions -- Neighborhood-Focused Interventions -- CONCLUSIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- Concluding Remarks -- REFERENCES -- PAPER CONTRIBUTION E Preadolescent and Adolescent Influences on Health -- DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES DURING ADOLESCENCE -- The Dynamics of Adolescence -- The "Tasks" of Adolescence -- Threats to Health Among Preadolescents and Adolescents -- Drug Use -- Sexual Behavior -- Eating Behaviors and Physical Activity -- Violence and Other Risky Behaviors -- The Etiology of Health Behaviors in Adolescence -- Social Capital -- Poverty -- Media and Advertising -- Family Relationships -- Schools, Work, and Peers -- MAJOR INTERVENTION POINTS: CHANGING THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT -- Increasing Social Capital-The Seattle Social Development Project -- Marketing Health-Prosocial Media, Counterads, and the Truth Campaign -- Changing Community Norms-The Tobacco Policy Options Program -- Connecting with Parents-The Adolescent Transitions Program -- Promoting Positive Peer Involvement-Project Northland -- New Opportunities for Research and Intervention -- REFERENCES.

PAPER CONTRIBUTION F Behavioral and Social Science Contributions to the Health of Adults in the United States -- Major Risks to Health During Adulthood -- Leading Causes of Mortality in Early to Middle Adulthood (Ages 20-45) -- Leading Causes of Mortality in Middle to Older Adulthood (ages 45-64) -- Leading Causes of Morbidity in Adulthood -- Risk Factors for Primary Causes of Morbidity and Mortality During Adulthood -- WHERE DO WE STAND? -- INTERVENTION OUTCOMES-EXAMPLES OF EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS -- COMMUNITY-BASED TRIALS -- CHANNELS WITHIN THE COMMUNITY -- Work Site Interventions -- Integration of Office Practice Systems and Health Care Provider Training in Prevention into the Standard of Health Care … -- Family-Based Intervention -- Church-Based Interventions -- Regulatory Channels -- HOW CAN SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES EXPAND ON PROGRESS TO DATE? -- LINKAGES BETWEEN MULTIPLE LEVELS OF INTERVENTION -- COLLABORATION BETWEEN ACADEMIC AND COMMUNITY PARTNERS -- Increased Emphasis on Multiple Risk Factor Interventions -- Use of Computer Technology for Intervention Development and Delivery -- Sustainability -- Social Context -- Contamination -- SUMMARY -- Linked, Multilevel Interventions Should Be the Norm, Rather than the Exception -- More Regulatory and Policy Research Is Needed in Key Areas -- Computer Technology Can Enhance Intervention Design and Delivery -- Dissemination Must Become a Central Focus -- Infrastructures for Dissemination Are Needed -- A System for Disseminating Office Systems Interventions to Health Care Providers Is Essential -- Workplace Interventions Should Be Disseminated -- Social Context Must Be Considered in Intervention Design -- Theoretical Issues Need Further Attention in Health Behavior Change Research -- Expectations for Effect Sizes Need to Be Realistic -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES.

PAPER CONTRIBUTION G The Behavioral and Social Dynamics of Aging Well.