Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction and Overview -- Introduction -- Why Highlight Agriculture? -- Why This Book? -- Some Key Findings -- Potential Winners and Losers from Trade Liberalization -- What the Book Covers -- Changes in Agricultural Trade Flows -- State of Agricultural Protection -- Trade Preferences -- Decoupling Agricultural Support -- Food Product and Safety Standards -- Welfare Gains from Global Agricultural Reform -- Commodity Studies -- Sugar -- Dairy -- Rice -- Wheat -- Groundnuts -- Fruits and vegetables -- Cotton -- Seafood -- Coffee -- Note -- References -- PART 1 Global Protection and Trade in Agriculture -- 2 The Evolution of Agricultural Trade Flows -- Introduction -- Agriculture and Rural Income -- Poverty -- Structure of Income Sources -- Income Distribution -- Broad Trends in Agricultural Trade -- Growth in Agricultural Trade -- Agricultural Trade Shares -- Distribution of the Trade Expansion -- Disaggregated Export and Import Performance -- Changes in Trade Structure -- Degree of Processing -- Export Shares by Product and Region -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 3 Global Agricultural Trade Policies -- Introduction -- Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture -- Amber Box -- Green Box -- Blue Box -- Evolution of Agricultural Protection in Industrial and Developing Countries -- OECD Countries -- Other Developing Countries -- Current Structure of Agricultural Protection -- Tariff Transparency -- Levels of Tariff Protection -- Tariff Escalation -- Tariff Rate Quotas -- Export Subsidies -- Implications of Reform -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 4 The Impact of Agricultural Trade Preferences, with Particular Attention to the Least-Developed Countries -- Introduction -- Trade Preferences in Principle and in Practice.

Potential Benefits of Trade Preferences -- Why Do Trade Preferences Fall Short of Their Potential? -- Undesirable Effects of Preference Schemes -- The Nature and Impact of Preferences Offered by the United States, the European Union, and Japan -- The Scope of Preferences -- U.S. Preferences under the GSP and AGOA -- EU Preferences under the GSP and Cotonou Agreement -- Japan's GSP Scheme -- Proportion of Trade Covered by Preferences -- U.S. Preferences -- EU Preferences -- Japanese Preferences -- The Value of Preferences -- Preferences and Export Diversification -- Constraints on Preferences and Diversification: Rules of Origin -- Preference Erosion by Multilateral Tariff Reductions -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 5 Experience with Decoupling Agricultural Support -- Introduction -- What Is Decoupling? -- The Politics of Decoupling -- The Economics of Decoupling -- Experience with Broad Decoupling Attempts -- Decoupling Efforts in the United States -- Decoupling Efforts in the European Union -- Decoupling Efforts in Mexico -- Decoupling Efforts in Turkey -- Experience with One-Time Buyouts -- The 2002 U.S. Peanut Quota Buyout -- Canada's Buyout of the Railway Subsidy ("Crow Rate") for Grain Shippers -- The 1984 New Zealand Exit Grant -- Assessing Decoupling -- Note -- References -- 6 Agro-Food Exports from Developing Countries: the Challenges Posed by Standards -- Introduction -- Standards: Barrier or Catalyst? -- The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement: An End to Disguise and Discrimination? -- Separating Legitimate and Illegitimate Standards Differentiation -- Private and Public Oversight and Monitoring -- Increased Complexity of the Standards Environment -- What Capacity Is Needed? -- How Significant Are Compliance Costs? -- What Impact Are Standards Having on Exports of High-Value Agro-Food Products?.

Border Detentions and Rejections of Agricultural and Food Products -- Disputes and Complaints through the WTO -- Some Illustrative Case Studies -- Fish Bans and Their Wide Supply-Chain Effects -- Limits on Mycotoxins as Trade Barriers -- Proliferation of Horticultural Product Standards -- Guatemalan raspberries: a cautionary tale? -- Kenyan fresh produce exports: some success -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 7 Global Agricultural Reform: What is at Stake? -- Introduction -- The Modeling Framework -- Overview of Baseline Simulation -- Agriculture and Food Trends in the Baseline Scenario -- The Impacts of Agricultural Reform -- Results of Global Merchandise Trade Reform -- Caveats -- Decomposition by instrument -- Results of Agricultural Reform -- Real income gains -- Structural implications -- Sensitivity Analysis -- Agricultural Productivity -- Trade impact -- Output impact -- Aggregate welfare -- A high-productivity assumption -- Mobility of Agricultural Capital and the Transition in Industrial Countries -- Supply Response in the Low-Income Countries -- Trade Elasticities -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- PART 2 The Commodity Studies -- 8 Sugar Policies: an Opportunity for Change -- Introduction -- Background -- Estimates of Production Costs -- Employment -- The World Sugar Market -- Sugar Policies in Selected Developing Countries -- Sugar Policies in Selected OECD Countries -- The European Union's Sugar Policy -- Japan's Sugar Policy -- The United States' Sugar Policy -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 9 Dairy: Assessing World Markets and Policy Reforms: Implications for Developing Countries -- Introduction -- Background on the World Dairy Sector -- Milk Production and Dairy Product Manufacturing -- World Milk Production Trends -- Trends in the World Dairy Trade.

Trade and Domestic Policy Regimes in Key Producing and Consuming Countries -- Developed Economies: Quad and Oceania -- Eastern Europe and Baltics -- Latin America -- East Asia and South Asia -- The Middle East and North Africa -- The Impact of World Dairy Policy Reforms -- World Dairy Deregulation Scenarios -- Full world dairy sector liberalization -- Other scenarios -- Conclusions -- World Dairy Sector Growth: A Component Perspective -- Prospects for World Dairy Policy Liberalization -- Prospects for Developing Economies -- Notes -- References -- 10 Rice: Global Trade, Protectionist Policies, and the Impact of Trade Liber Alization -- Introduction -- Rice Trade and Policies in the Major Producing and Consuming Nations -- China -- India -- Indonesia -- Bangladesh -- Vietnam -- Thailand -- Japan -- Republic of Korea -- European Union -- United States -- Magnitude of Policy Distortions in Key Rice Markets -- Trade Flow and Price Impact of Rice Trade Liberalization -- Welfare Impact of Rice Trade Liberalization -- Impact on Price Importers and Exporters -- Impact by Type of Rice -- Impact by Country -- Asian importers -- Asian exporters -- Other exporters -- Other importers -- Africa -- North and Central America -- Other countries -- Dynamic Analysis of Rice Trade and Domestic Policy Reforms -- Policy Implications and Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 11 Wheat: The Global Market, Policies, and Priorities -- Introduction -- Wheat Characteristics and Trends -- Production and Yields -- Trade -- Use -- Stocks -- Prices -- Overall Trends -- Policy Environment -- Market Access -- Export promotion -- Food Security and Global Wheat Trade -- Domestic support -- Major Wheat Exporters -- Major Wheat Importers -- Emerging Wheat Exporters -- Former Soviet Union -- Asia -- The Impact of Liberalization -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References.

12 Groundnut Policies, Global Trade Dynamics, and the Impact of Trade Liberalization -- Introduction -- Groundnut Production -- Global Trade in Groundnuts -- International Prices of Groundnuts -- Domestic Groundnut Policies of Major Countries in World Markets -- Groundnut Policies in the United States -- Groundnut Policies in Argentina, China, and India -- Argentina -- China -- India -- Groundnut Policies of Key African Exporters -- Groundnut Trade Policies of High-Income Importers -- Impact of Groundnut Product Policy Reforms on World Prices, Trade Flows, and Welfare -- Policy Reform Scenarios -- Analysis Results -- Conclusions and Policy Implications -- Notes -- References -- 13 Fruits and Vegetables: Global Trade and Competition in Fresh and Processed Product Markets -- Introduction -- Fruit and Vegetable Production and Trade Growth -- Trends in World Production and Trade -- Sources and Destinations of Exported Fruits and Vegetables -- Global Trade Patterns -- Developing Countries' Performance -- Policy Factors Shaping International Trade Patterns -- Domestic Support and Export Subsidies -- Tariffs and Other Import Restrictions -- Preferential Market Access and Magnitude of Preference -- Determinants of Success in Fruit and Vegetable Export Markets -- Success Factors -- Explaining Intercountry Differences in Export Performances -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 14 Cotton: Market Setting, Trade Policies, and Issues -- Introduction -- The Global Cotton Balance -- Price Trends and Variability -- Cotton and the Developing Countries -- Nonconventional Cotton Production -- Distortions in the Cotton Market -- United States -- European Union -- China -- Uzbekistan -- Impact of Distortions and Prospects for Reform -- Reform Initiatives in Africa -- Summary and Conclusions -- Notes -- References.

15 Seafood: Trade Liberalization and Impacts on Sustainability.