Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1. Eco-hydrological Background -- 1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROLOGY IN GENERAL -- 1.2 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND ITS PROCESSES -- 1.2.1 Distribution of Water on the Earth -- 1.2.2 Water Availability and Use -- 1.3 PRECIPITATION-RUNOFF- INFILTRATION-EVAPORATION ANALYSIS -- 1.3.1 Precipitation -- 1.3.1.1 Estimation of Rainfall Over an Area -- 1.3.1.2 Frequency Distribution of Annual, Monthly and Daily Rainfall -- 1.3.1.3 Frequency Distribution of Extreme Values -- 1.3.1.4 Occult Precipitation -- 1.3.2 Runoff -- 1.3.2.1 Measurement of Streamflow -- 1.3.2.2 Application of Hydrology in the National Weather Service -- 1.3.2.3 Flooding -- 1.3.3 Interception and Infiltration -- 1.3.3.1 Groundwater -- 1.3.4 Evaporation and Transpiration -- 1.3.4.1 Potential Evapotranspiration -- 1.3.4.2 Potential Evaporation vs Potential Evapotranspiration -- 1.3.4.3 Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration -- 1.4 THE WATER BALANCE -- 1.4.1 The Soil-Water Budget -- 1.4.2 Water-holding Capacity -- 1.4.3 Budgeting Soil-Moisture Storage to Yield Surplus -- 1.4.4 Balancing Soil Moisture -- 1.4.5 The Spatial Soil -Water Budget -- 1.5 WATER BODIES -- 1.6 REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 Water Uses -- 2.1 GENERAL -- 2.2 WATER SUPPLY FOR RURAL AND URBAN NEIGHBORHOODS -- 2.2.1 Strategies for Sustainable Water Supply for All in India -- 2.2.1.1 Water Supply in India-Scenario Around the Year 2000 -- 2.2.1.2 Financial Requirements for Water Supply -- 2.2.1.3 Factors Inhibiting Development of Sustainable Water Supply Systems in India -- 2.2.1.4 Initiatives in India towards Achieving Sustainable Water Supply for All -- 2.2.2 The Case Study of 'Akshyadhara' in India -- 2.2.2.1 Things Required to Implement Akshaydhara -- 2.2.2.2 Benefits of 'Akshaydhara' Strategy -- 2.2.2.3 Some Concerns about Akshayadhara -- 2.2.2.4 Future of Water Supply and Sanitation in India.

2.2.3 People's Water Supply and Sanitation in Nepal -- 2.2.3.1 Objectives of the JAKPAS Action -- 2.2.3.2 Description of the JAKPAS Action -- 2.2.3.3 Results of JAKPAS -- 2.2.4 A Case from the Developed World: Tucson Valley in Arizona, USA -- 2.2.4.1 Municipal Water Use -- 2.2.4.2 Residential Use -- 2.2.4.3 Non-residential Use -- 2.2.4.4 Conservation Rules -- 2.2.4.5 Uses and Renewable Supplies -- 2.2.4.6 Grey Water Reuse -- 2.2.4.7 Indoor Water Use -- 2.2.4.8 Outdoor Water Use -- 2.2.4.9 Higher Water Use Trends -- 2.2.4.10 Water Rates and Conservation -- 2.2.4.11 Components of Tucson's Water Distribution System -- 2.2.4.12 Changing Rate Structures -- 2.3 WATER FOR AGRICULTURE -- 2.3.1 Agricultural Usage of Water in Arizona, USA -- 2.3.1.1 Improving Agricultural Water Use Efficiency -- 2.3.2 Small-scale Clay Pot and Porous Capsule Irrigation -- 2.3.2.1 Technical Description -- 2.3.2.2 Extent of Use -- 2.3.2.3 Operation and Maintenance -- 2.3.2.4 Level of Involvement -- 2.3.2.5 Costs -- 2.3.2.6 Effectiveness of the Technology -- 2.3.2.7 Suitability -- 2.3.2.8 Advantages -- 2.3.2.9 Disadvantages -- 2.3.2.10 Cultural Acceptability -- 2.3.2.11 Further Development of the Technology -- 2.3.3 Raised Beds and Waru Waru Cultivation -- 2.3.3.1 Technical Description of the Waru Waru System -- 2.3.3.2 Extent of Use, Operation and Maintenance -- 2.3.3.3 Level of Involvement and Costs -- 2.3.3.4 Effectiveness of the Technology and Suitability -- 2.3.3.5 Advantages -- 2.3.3.6 Disadvantages -- 2.3.3.7 Cultural Acceptability and Further Development of the Technology -- 2.3.4 Automatic Surge Flow Irrigation System -- 2.3.4.1 Technical Description -- 2.3.4.2 Extent of Use -- 2.3.4.3 Operation and Maintenance -- 2.3.4.4 Level of Involvement and Costs -- 2.3.4.5 Effectiveness of the Technology and Suitability -- 2.3.4.6 Advantages -- 2.3.4.7 Disadvantages.

2.3.5 Sprinkler Irrigation -- 2.3.5.1 Crops and Slopes Suitable for Sprinkler Irrigation -- 2.3.5.2 Suitable Soils and Water for Sprinkler Irrigation -- 2.3.5.3 Sprinkler System Layout -- 2.3.5.4 Operating the Sprinkler Systems -- 2.3.6 Drip Irrigation -- 2.3.6.1 Suitable Crops and Slopes for Drip Irrigation -- 2.3.6.2 Soils and Water Suitable for Drip Irrigation -- 2.3.6.3 Drip System Layout -- 2.3.6.4 Operating the Drip Systems -- 2.4 WATER FOR INDUSTRIES -- 2.4.1 Industrial Water Use In Tucson Valley, USA -- 2.4.1.1 Water for Metal Mining -- 2.4.1.2 Sand and Gravel Facilities -- 2.5 WATER FOR HYDROPOWER GENERATION -- 2.5.1 Small Hydropower -- 2.5.1.1 Planning, Developing and Operating Small Hydro -- 2.5.1.2 World's Small Hydropower Potential -- 2.5.1.3 Small Hydropower in India -- 2.5.1.4 Small Hydropower in China -- 2.5.1.5 Small Hydropower in Japan -- 2.5.1.6 Small Hydropower in Nepal -- 2.5.1.7 Small Hydropower in Macedonia, Greece -- 2.5.2 Medium and Large Hydropower -- 2.5.2.1 Hydropower in Norway -- 2.5.2.2 Hydropower in the United Kingdom -- 2.5.2.3 Hydropower in Turkey -- 2.6 WATER FOR NAVIGATION -- 2.6.1 Requirements of Navigable Waterways -- 2.6.2 Methods for Improving River Navigability -- Open Channel Methods -- Lock and Dam -- Canalization -- 2.6.3 Navigation Development in the USA -- 2.7 WATER FOR PISCICULTURE -- 2.7.1 Wetlands of Calcutta, India -- 2.7.1.1 Types and Amount of Fish Produced -- 2.8 WATER FOR RECREATION -- 2.8.1 Water Based Recreation in Sri Lanka -- 2.9 REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Hydraulic Principles and Eco-friendly Design Approach -- 3.1 CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES IN GENERAL -- 3.2 MASS CONSERVATION PRINCIPLE AND APPLICATIONS -- 3.2.1 Typical Applications of Mass Conservation Principle -- a) Types of Flows -- b) Flow Net -- 3.3 ENERGY CONSERVATION PRINCIPLE AND APPLICATIONS.

3.3.1 Typical Applications of Energy Conservation Principle -- a) Pitot Tube -- b) Venturi Meter -- 3.4 MOMENTUM CONSERVATION PRINCIPLE AND APPLICATIONS -- a) Force on a Pipe Bend -- b) Flow through a Sudden Enlargement of a Circular Pipe -- 3.5 ANGULAR MOMENTUM CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS -- a) Lawn Sprinkler -- 3.6 FLOW MEASUREMENT DEVICES IN PIPES AND OPEN CHANNELS -- 3.6.1 Electromagnetic Meter -- 3.6.2 Turbine Meter/Current Meter -- 3.6.3 Acoustic Meter -- 3.6.4 Palmer-Bowlus Flume -- 3.6.5 Open Flow Nozzle -- 3.7 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR ECO-FRIENDLY DESIGN OF WATER SYSTEMS -- 3.7.1 Basic Considerations for Eco-friendly Designs for Drinking Water Systems -- 3.7.2 Basic Considerations for Eco-friendly Design of other Water Supply and Irrigation Systems -- 3.7.3 Basic Considerations for Eco-friendly Design of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Systems -- 3.7.4 Basic Considerations in the Eco-friendly Design of Water Power Systems -- 3.7.5 Basic Considerations for the Eco-friendly Design of other Water Systems -- 3.8 REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 Water Hazards and their Management -- 4.1 HAZARDS IN GENERAL: AN OVERVIEW -- 4.2 WATER AND THE NATURE OF ITS POLLUTION -- 4.2.1 Classification of Sources of Pollution -- 4.2.2 Water Quality Criteria -- 4.2.3 Water Quality Monitoring -- 4.2.4 Selection of Water Quality Sampling Sites -- I. Based on the Number of Contributing Tributaries -- II. Based on Number of Outfalls and BOD Loading -- 4.2.5 Analysis of Water Quality Data -- I. Quality-Quantity Relationship -- II. Regression-based Modeling -- 4.2.6 Environmental Impact Monitoring -- 4.2.7 Water Quality Management Models -- 4.2.8 Basic Water Quality Model -- 4.2.9 Cost Function for Wastewater Treatment -- 4.2.10 Groundwater Pollution -- 4.2.11 Groundwater Quality Monitoring -- CASE STUDIES.

4.2.12 Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) Technology in Disaster Management -- 4.3 FLOOD DISASTER AND ITS MANAGEMENT -- 4.3.1 Flood Disaster Mitigation -- 4.4 LANDSLIDE HAZARDS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT -- 4.4.1 Landslide Hazard Zone Mapping -- 4.4.2 Risk Analysis of Water Hazards -- 4.4.3 Risk Assessment of Landslides -- 4.5 DISASTER DUE TO COLLAPSE OF DAMS -- A CASE STUDY -- 4.6 HAZARDS DUE TO DROUGHTS -- 4.6.1 Rainwater Harvesting for Drought Mitigation -- 4.6.2 Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use -- 4.6.3 Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture -- 4.6.4 Natural Groundwater Recharge- Methods for Estimation -- 4.6.4.1 Hydrological Budgeting Method -- 4.6.4.2 Groundwater Level Fluctuation Method -- 4.6.5 Drought Management -- 4.6.5.1 Application of Advanced Technology for Drought Management -- 4.6.5.2 Human Issues in Drought Management -- 4.7 INFORMATION AND SYSTEM ORGANIZATION FOR DISASTER MITIGATION -- 4.8 REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 Eco-technological Practices for Sustainable Development -- 5.1 GENERAL -- 5.2 TRADITIONAL WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES -- 5.2.1 Historical Overview -- 5.2.1.1 Making Better Use of Rainfall -- 5.2.1.2 Making Use of Groundwater without Water Lifting -- 5.2.2 Added Values due to Traditional Water Conservation Systems -- 5.2.3 Limitations of Traditional Water Conservation Systems -- 5.2.4 Outlook on Traditional Water Conservation Systems -- 5.3 RECENT ECO-TECHNOLOGICAL PRACTICES -- 5.3.1 Afforestation -- 5.3.1.1 Plantation Forests -- 5.3.1.2 Environmental Sustainability of Plantation Forestry -- 5.3.1.3 Economic Dimensions of Plantation Forestry -- 5.3.1.4 Social Dimensions of Plantation Forestry -- 5.3.1.5 The Future of Plantation Forestry -- 5.3.2 Rainwater Harvesting -- 5.3.2.1 Technical Description of a Rainwater Harvesting System -- 5.3.2.2 Extent of Use of a Rainwater Harvesting System.

5.3.2.3 Operation and Maintenance of a Rainwater Harvesting System.