Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Executive Summary -- Changing Approaches for Supporting Agricultural Innovation -- The Innovation Systems Concept -- Aim of This Paper -- Methodology -- The Analytical Framework -- The Comparative Analysis -- The Intervention Framework -- Key Findings from the Innovation Capacity Analysis -- Toward a Framework for Innovation System Diagnosis and Intervention -- Different Development Trajectories -- Intervention Options -- Conclusions -- Key Findings -- Utility of the Innovation System Concept -- Contributions to the Design of Development Interventions -- Implications for the World Bank -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- CHAPTER 1 Reasons for Assessing the Value of the Innovation Systems Perspective -- Knowledge Generation and Application in A Changing Agricultural Context -- The Changing Context of Agricultural Development -- Innovation Trends in Agricultural Production Systems -- Changing Approaches for Supporting Agricultural Innovation -- Toward Operational Agricultural Innovation Systems -- Grounding the Innovation Systems Concept in the "New Agriculture" -- Organization of this Study -- CHAPTER 2 The Innovation Systems Concept: A Framework for Analysis -- Introduction -- Origins of the Innovation Systems Concept -- Innovation versus Invention -- Key Insights from the Innovation Systems Concept for Diagnostic and Intervention Frameworks -- 1. A focus on innovation rather than production. -- 2. Interaction and learning. -- 3. Linkages for accessing knowledge and learning. -- 4. New actors, new roles. -- 5. Attitudes and practices that determine the propensity to innovate. -- 6. Interaction of behavioral patterns and innovation triggers. -- 7. The role of policies. -- 8. Inclusion of stakeholders and the demand side. -- 9. Learning and capacity building.

10. Change to cope with change. -- 11. Ability to cope with "sticky" information. -- Innovation Systems and Value Chains -- Comparison of NARS, AKIS, and Agricultural Innovation Systems -- National Agricultural Research Systems -- Strengths -- Limitations -- Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems -- Strengths -- Limitations -- Agricultural Innovation Systems -- Strengths -- Limitations -- Toward Practical Applications of the Innovation Systems Concept -- CHAPTER 3 Research Methodology and Case Study Descriptions -- Research Methodology -- Case Study Selection -- Information Collection -- Case Study Descriptions -- Shrimp in Bangladesh -- The sector -- Main actors -- Interaction mechanisms and innovation -- Enabling environment -- Ways forward -- Small-Scale Food Processing in Bangladesh -- The sector -- Main actors and their challenges -- Interaction mechanisms and innovation practices -- Enabling environment -- Ways forward -- Medicinal Plants in India -- The sector -- Main actors -- Interaction mechanisms and innovation -- Enabling environment -- Ways forward -- Vanilla in India -- The sector -- Main actors -- Interaction mechanisms and innovation -- Enabling environment -- Ways forward -- Pineapple Export in Ghana -- The sector -- Main actors -- Interaction mechanisms and innovation -- Enabling environment -- Ways forward -- Cassava Processing in Ghana -- The sector -- Main actors and their challenges -- Interaction mechanisms and innovation practices -- Enabling environment -- Ways forward -- Cassava Processing in Colombia -- The sector -- Main actors -- Interaction mechanisms and innovation -- Enabling environment -- Ways forward -- Cut Flowers in Colombia -- The sector -- Main actors and their challenges -- Interaction mechanisms and innovation practices -- Enabling environment -- Ways forward.

CHAPTER 4 Innovation System Capacity: A Comparative Analysis of Case Studies -- Introduction -- Actors, Their Roles, and The Attitudes and Practices that Shape Their Roles -- Government -- The Private Sector -- Coordinating Bodies -- NGOs -- NGOs as technology transfer agents -- NGOs as intermediary organizations -- Financial Organizations -- International Actors -- Attitudes and Practices -- Patterns of Interaction -- Farmer-to-Farmer Interaction -- Interactions of Businesses with the Poor and the Environment -- Company-to-Company Interaction -- Technology Transfer Interaction -- Public-Private Partnerships to Improve Interaction with Research -- Interactions of Multiple Actors -- The Enabling Environment -- Summary of the Analysis of Innovation Capacity in the Case Studies -- CHAPTER 5 Reviewing the Innovation Systems Concept in Light of the Case Studies -- Introduction -- The Nature of Contemporary Agricultural Challenges -- Evolutionary Nature of Challenges -- Regulation, standards, and norms -- Competition -- Changing consumer preferences -- Integrated Nature of Challenges -- Integration of innovation challenges along the value chain -- Integration of social and environmental challenges into the market agenda -- Key Characteristics of Innovation Across the Case Studies -- Characteristic 1: Innovation is neither science nor technology but the application of knowledge of all types to achieve desired social and economic outcomes -- Characteristic 2: Often innovation combines technical, organizational, and other sorts of changes -- Characteristic 3: Innovation is the process by which organizations master and implement the design and production of goods and services that are new to them, irrespective of whether they are new to their competitors, their country, or the world.

Characteristic 4: Innovation comprises radical and many small improvements and a continuous process of upgrading -- Characteristic 5: Innovation can be triggered in many ways -- Characteristic 6: Considerable value is being added in nontraditional agricultural sectors -- Common Interventions and Their Limits -- Traditional Research Interventions -- Consortia-Based Research Interventions -- Coordinating Bodies -- Integrated Sector Support Interventions -- Technology Transfer Interventions -- Limitations of Firefighting Approaches -- CHAPTER 6 Toward a Framework for Diagnosis and Intervention -- Introduction -- An Intervention Framework for Developing Agricultural Innovation Systems -- Innovation Trajectories -- This difference shapes the innovation process in very different ways -- Development Phases of Orchestrated Innovation Trajectory -- Development Phases of the Opportunity-Driven Innovation Trajectory -- Attaining and Sustaining a Dynamic System of Innovation -- Diagnostic Features -- Principles of Intervention -- The Pre-Planned Phase in the Orchestrated Trajectory -- Diagnostic Features -- Overview -- Actors and roles -- Attitudes and practices -- Patterns of interaction -- Enabling environment -- Intervention Principles and Options -- The Foundation Phase -- Diagnostic Features -- Overview -- Actors and roles -- Attitudes and practices -- Patterns of interaction -- Enabling environment -- Intervention Principles and Options -- The Expansion Phase -- Diagnostic Features -- Overview -- Actors and roles -- Attitudes and practices -- Patterns of interaction -- Enabling environment -- Intervention Principles and Options -- The Nascent Phase in the Opportunity-driven Trajectory -- Diagnostic Features -- Overview -- Actors -- Attitudes and practices -- Patterns of interaction -- Enabling environment -- Intervention Principles and Options.

The Emergence Phase -- Diagnostic Features -- Overview -- Actors and roles -- Attitudes and practices -- Patterns of interaction -- Enabling environment -- Intervention Principles and Options -- The Stagnation Phase -- Diagnostic Features -- Overview -- Actors and roles -- Attitudes and practices -- Patterns of interaction -- Enabling environment -- Intervention Principles and Options -- A Dynamic System of Innovation -- Diagnostic Features -- Overview -- Actors and roles -- Attitudes and practices -- Patterns of interaction -- The enabling environment -- Intervention Principles and Options -- CHAPTER 7 Conclusions -- Introduction -- The Nature of Innovation: Nine Findings -- Finding 1: Research is an important component-but not always the central component-of innovation -- Finding 2: In the contemporary agricultural sector, competitiveness depends on collaboration for innovation -- Finding 3: Social and environmental sustainability are integral to economic success and need to be reflected in interventions -- The supply chain and social and environmental sustainability -- The poor and market sensitivity to social and environmental concerns -- Finding 4: The market is not sufficient to promote interaction -- the public sector has a central role to play -- Finding 5: Interventions are essential for building the capacity and fostering the learning that enable a sector to respond to continuous competitive challenges -- Finding 6: The organization of rural stakeholders is a central development concept. It is a common theme in innovation systems development and in numerous agricultural and rural development efforts -- Finding 7: Actors that are critical for coordinating innovation systems at the sector level are either overlooked or missing -- Finding 8: A wide set of attitudes and practices must be cultivated to foster a culture of innovation.

Finding 9: The enabling environment is an important component of innovation capacity.