Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- My journey -- A map of JUST HEALTH -- Part I: A Theory of Justice and Health -- Part II: Challenges -- Part III: Uses -- PART I A THEORY OF JUSTICE AND HEALTH -- 1 Three Questions of Justice -- A fundamental question of justice -- Scope of the Fundamental Question -- Where Not to Begin -- Three focal questions -- Is Health of Special Moral Importance? -- When Are Health Inequalities Unjust? -- How Can We Meet Health Needs Fairly under Resource Limits? -- A population view of justice and health -- 2 What Is the Special Moral Importance of Health? -- Health needs and opportunity -- Needs -- Health -- Health Needs, Normal Functioning, and Opportunity -- Fair equality of opportunity and health: extending rawls's theory -- Primary Social Goods and Needs -- Fair Equality of Opportunity -- Extending Justice as Fairness to Health -- Broadening Fair Opportunity -- Is the Broader Notion of Opportunity Problematic? -- Preserving Key Features of Justice as Fairness -- Rawls on Meeting Medical Needs -- Other theories of justice, opportunity, and health -- Capabilities and the Proper Target of Justice -- Egalitarian (or Prioritarian) Opportunity for Welfare or Advantage -- The special moral importance of health: conclusion -- 3 When Are Health Inequalities Unjust? -- Social determinants of health: some basic findings -- Cross-National Evidence on Health Inequalities -- Individual SES and Health -- Relative Income and Health -- Pathways Linking Social Inequalities to Health Inequalities -- An intuitive analysis of health inequities -- A rawlsian analysis of health inequities -- Rawls on Allowable Inequalities -- Flattening the SES Gradient of Health -- Residual Inequalities: Unjust or Not? -- A brief remark on method.

Why Has Bioethics Ignored the Social Determinants of Health? -- 4 How Can We Meet Health Needs Fairly When We Can't Meet Them All? -- The need for limit setting -- Limit Setting and Moral Controversy -- Moral Legitimacy and Fair Process -- Three inadequate approaches to fair process -- Market Accountability -- "Majority Rule" and Fair Process -- Empirical Ethics and a Cost-Value Methodology -- Accountability for reasonableness -- The Publicity Condition -- The Relevance Condition -- The Revisability and Appeals Condition -- The Regulative Condition -- Objections and replies -- Critics of Publicity -- Fair Process and Conflicting Decisions -- Democracy and Moral Authority -- 5 What Do We Owe Each Other? -- Social obligations to protect and promote health for all -- Justice and Preventive Health -- A Right to Health? -- Normal functioning and health needs -- Opportunity and Disability -- Treatment versus Enhancement -- Responsibility for health -- Do our answers to the focal questions work together? -- PART II CHALLENGES -- 6 Global Aging and Intergenerational Equity -- The challenge of global aging -- A Changing Profile of Needs -- Sustainability of Institutions and Competition for Resources -- Intergenerational equity: two problems, not one -- Distinguishing between Age Groups and Birth Cohorts -- Equity between Age Groups and Birth Cohorts -- The prudential lifespan account -- Lifespan Allocation of Health Care -- Equity between birth cohorts -- Intergenerational equity and hard cases -- Case 1: Italy -- Case 2: China -- 7 Consent to Workplace Risk and Health Protection -- Risk, liberty, and opportunity in the workplace -- The Technological Feasibility Standard: Beyond Market Regulation -- Too Much Protection? -- Autonomy and Risky Lifestyle Choices -- Finding a Path -- A Rationale for the Technological Feasibility Criterion.

Reconciling stringent regulation with the opportunities of vulnerable groups -- Protecting Opportunity by Rejecting Paternalism -- Individual Variation in Sensitivity to Risk -- 8 Medical Professionalism and the Care We Should Get -- Professionalism and the duty to treat -- Professionalism and Moral Exceptionalism -- The Duty to Treat Despite the Risk of Infection -- The Duty to Treat and Consent to Risks -- Virtues and the Duty to Treat -- Socially Negotiated Professional Obligations -- The Duty to Treat and Higher Risks -- Two history lessons -- The Changing Relation to Production for Physicians -- Negotiating Power -- Physician autonomy and ideal advocacy -- Physician Incentives and Agency -- Public health professionalism -- PART III USES -- 9 Fairness in Health Sector Reform -- Benchmarks of fairness -- Why Equity, Efficiency, and Accountability? -- Development of the Benchmarks -- The Generic Benchmarks for Developing Countries -- Adapting and Using the Benchmarks -- Health sector reforms as social experiments requiring Ethical review -- Justifying Ethical Review -- Ethical Evaluation of Goals and Outcomes -- Ethical Evaluation of the Appropriateness of Reform Measures -- Ethical Evaluation of the Governance of Health System Reforms -- An Agenda for Action -- 10 Accountability for Reasonableness in Developing Countries: Two Applications -- Assuring equity through fair process in the who "3 by 5" program -- Competing Principles and Considerations: Four Examples -- WHO/UNAIDS Endorsement of Accountability for Reasonableness -- Applying Accountability for Reasonableness -- Accountability for reasonable decisions about catastrophic insurance benefits in mexico -- Why Fair Process for Coverage Decisions? -- Adapting Accountability for Reasonableness -- 11 Reducing Health Disparities -- Race and gender inequities illustrated.

Encounters with unsolved rationing problems -- How Much Priority Should Be Given to Reducing Existing Health Inequities? -- Improving Health at the Expense of Worsening Inequities -- The complexity of inequality itself -- Reasonable disagreements and accountability for reasonableness -- 12 Priority Setting and Human Rights -- Key features of a rights-based approach to health -- Moral rights and human rights to health and health care -- Progressive Realization of a Right to Health -- The rights-based approach to health and priority setting: a generic illustration -- Background Information about Maternal and Reproductive Health -- Available Program Options -- The Priority-Setting Problem -- Accountability for reasonableness: a solution -- Fair Process in a Rights-Based Approach -- Progressive Realization Clarified -- 13 International Health Inequalities and Global Justice -- When are international inequalities in health unjust? -- Harms to health: a minimalist strategy -- The Brain Drain of Health Personnel -- International Property Rights and Access to Drugs -- Where do international health inequalities come from? -- The new terrain of global justice: where the action is -- Resisting the Pull of the Cosmopolitan Intuition -- Resisting Strongly Statist Versions of Relational Justice -- Illustrations of Obligations of Justice in International Organizations -- The way forward -- References -- Index.