Cover -- Preface -- Sponsor Guidance -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables and Boxes -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms -- Chapter One - Introduction -- Background -- Why Should Commanders Care About EnvironmentalIssues in Contingency Operations? -- Environmental Issues Can Affect Soldier Health and Safety -- Environmental Issues Can Affect Mission Success -- Long-Term Deployments Amplify the Importanceof Environmental Issues -- The Importance of "Doing the Right Thing" -- The Challenge of Incorporating EnvironmentalConsiderations into Contingency Operations -- Purpose and Methodology of This Report -- Structure of This Report -- Chapter Two - The Context for Environmental Considerations inContingency Operations -- Principal Areas of Interaction with the Environment -- Achieving Strategic Objectives -- Conducting Tactical Operations -- Sustaining Forces -- Providing Humanitarian Assistance -- Conducting Stabilization and Reconstruction Operations -- Domestic and International Legal Context -- Policy Context -- Presidential Orders and DoD Directives and Regulations -- Joint Staff and Army Regulations and Guidance -- The Army Strategy for the Environment -- Summary of the Policy Context -- Operational Context -- Duration of the Operation -- Objectives and Nature of the Operation -- Involvement of Other Stakeholders -- The Environmental Context -- Severe Degradation of the Local Environment -- The Importance of Environmental Conditions to the Local Populace -- Environmental Issues in Contingency Operations SignificantlyDifferent from Issues in the United States -- Chapter Three - Experience with Environmental Considerations inContingency Operations -- Planning and Guidance in the Field -- Environmental Considerations in Operation Planning: Annex L -- Regional Guidance -- Army Activities in the Field -- Base Camps -- Stability and Reconstruction.

Movement of Forces and Materiel -- Different Field Activities Have Different EnvironmentalConsiderations -- Training for Field Operations -- Environmental Issues in Operational Experience: CaseStudies -- Case Studies of Contingency-Operation Activities withEnvironmental Concerns -- Impact Analysis -- Chapter Four - Analysis of Army Operational Experience -- Environmental Considerations Have a Broad Range ofFar-Reaching Impacts -- Impacts Across Many Dimensions -- Impacts Across Many Organizations Inside and Outside the Army -- Impacts in Many Geographic Areas -- The Army Is Involved in Many Diverse ReconstructionActivities with Environmental Components -- Insufficient Resources Are Available to Fully AddressEnvironmental Issues -- Contractors Must Be Carefully Selected and Managed -- Collaboration with Stakeholders Is Beneficial and Critical -- Proactive Environmental Practices and Lessons Are NotBeing Transferred to Other Parts of the Army -- Country-Specific Conditions and Needs Should BeConsidered -- Short- and Long-Term Considerations Needto Be Balanced -- Environmental Problems May Contributeto Insurgency Problems -- Chapter Five - Findings and Recommendations -- Findings -- 1. Environmental Issues Can Have a Significant Impact onOperations -- 2. Environmental Considerations Can Be Particularly Important forSuccess in the Post-Conflict Phase -- 3. Environmental Considerations in Contingency Operations AreSignificantly Different from Those in Normal Operations in theUnited States -- 4. Environmental Issues Can Have Far-Reaching Impacts AcrossOperations, Army Organizations, and the World -- 5. Inadequate Environmental Practices in Contingency OperationsCan Increase Risks and Costs -- 6. The Army Could Improve Its Understanding of EnvironmentalConsiderations and Better Incorporate Them into Plans andOperations.

7. The Army Has No Comprehensive Approach to EnvironmentalConsiderations in Contingencies, Especially in the Post-ConflictPhase -- Recommendations -- 1. Improve the Policy and Guidance for EnvironmentalConsiderations in Contingency Operations -- 2. Encourage an Environmental Ethic Throughout the Army ThatExtends to Contingency Operations -- 3. Better Incorporate Environmental Considerations into Planning -- 4. Improve Pre-Deployment and Field Environmental Training -- 5. Invest More in Environmental Resources and Good EnvironmentalPractices for Field Operations -- 6. Use a "Sustainability" Model for Contingency Operations -- Conclusion -- Appendix A - Domestic and International Law in ArmyContingency Operations -- Appendix B - The Importance of Environmental Conditions tothe Local Populace in Iraq -- Appendix C - Case Studies of Operational Experiences -- Glossary of Selected Environmental Terms -- Bibliography.