Integrated Solid Waste Management: a Life Cycle Inventory -- Contents -- Preface -- Currency conversion values -- CONCEPTS AND CASE STUDIES -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Summary -- The aims of the book -- What is waste? -- The concerns over waste -- The old concern - the conservation of resources -- The new concerns - pollution and the deterioration of renewables -- Sustainable Waste Management -- Pollution -- Objectives -- Current approaches - legislation -- End-of-pipe regulations -- Strategic targets -- Economic costs of environmental improvements -- Internalising external environmental costs -- Building environmental objectives into the waste management system -- An integrated approach to solid waste management -- Chapter 2 Integrated Waste Management -- Summary -- The basic requirements of waste management -- The generation of less waste -- The concept of Sustainable Waste Management -- Characteristics of a Sustainable Waste Management system -- An integrated system -- Market oriented -- Flexibility -- Scale -- Social acceptability -- Development of the Integrated Waste Management concept -- Implementing Integrated Waste Management -- The importance of a holistic approach -- Paying for Integrated Waste Management -- Waste management planning and the Hierarchy of Waste Management -- Integrated Waste Management in countries with developing economies -- IWM systems for countries with developing economies -- Dumping and landfilling -- Separation and treatment of organic waste -- Recycling and scavenging -- Incineration -- The benefits of IWM to countries with developing economies -- Modelling waste management - why model? -- Previous modelling of waste management -- Using Life Cycle Assessment for Integrated Waste Management -- Models -- Data -- Chapter 3 The Development of Integrated Waste Management Systems: Case Studies and Their Analysis.

Summary -- Introduction -- Case study format -- Case studies -- Difficulty of comparison -- Common drivers -- Legislation -- IWM begins at a local level -- System evolution -- Case study details - schematic diagrams -- Abbreviations -- Definitions (see also Chapters 8-14) -- Pamplona, Spain, 1996 -- Summary - Pamplona -- Collection -- Treatment -- Landfill -- Additional information -- Prato, Italy, 1997 -- Summary - Prato -- Collection -- Treatment -- Landfill -- Additional information -- Brescia, Italy, 1996 -- Summary - Brescia commune -- Collection -- Treatment -- Landfill -- Additional information -- Hampshire, England, 1996/97 -- Summary - Hampshire -- Collection -- Treatment -- Landfill -- Additional information -- Helsinki, Finland, 1997 -- Summary - Helsinki -- Collection -- Treatment -- Landfill -- Additional information -- Lahn-Dill-Kreis, Germany, 1996 -- Summary - Lahn-Dill-Kreis -- Collection -- Treatment -- Landfill -- Additional information - how to move towards Integrated Waste Management -- Vienna, Austria, 1996 -- Summary - Vienna -- Collection -- Treatment -- Landfill -- Additional information -- Malmö Region, Sweden, 1996 -- Summary - Malmö Region -- Collection -- Treatment -- Landfill -- Additional information -- Zürich, Switzerland, 1997 -- Summary - Zurich -- Collection -- Treatment -- Landfill -- Additional information -- Copenhagen, Denmark, 1996 -- Summary - Copenhagen -- Collection -- Treatment -- Landfill -- Additional information -- Seattle, USA, 1998 -- Summary - Seattle -- Collection -- Treatment -- Landfill -- Additional information -- Case study analysis - conclusions -- Madras, India, 1999 - a case study from a country with a developing economy -- Introduction -- The development of EXNORA -- The scale of EXNORA's success -- Future plans for EXNORA -- Conclusions -- Optimisation of Integrated Waste Management systems.

Chapter 4 Life Cycle Assessment -- Summary -- What is Life Cycle Assessment? -- Benefits of the Life Cycle Approach -- Limitations of the Life Cycle Approach -- International Standards Organisation (ISO) - The ISO 14040 series -- Structure of a Life Cycle Assessment -- Goal and scope definition -- Defining the Goal of the study -- Defining the Scope of the study -- Product System -- Functional unit -- System Boundaries -- Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI) -- Data quality requirements -- Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis -- Transparency -- Critical review -- Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) -- Classification -- Selection of impact categories -- Characterisation -- Normalisation -- Weighting -- Life Cycle Interpretation -- Identification of significant issues -- Evaluation -- Conclusions, recommendations and reporting -- Life Cycle Inventory of solid waste -- Chapter 5 A Life Cycle Inventory of Solid Waste -- Summary -- Integrated Waste Management and Life Cycle Inventory -- A Life Cycle Inventory of waste -- Goal definition -- What are the purposes of the LCI? -- Defining the functional unit -- System boundaries -- Where is the cradle of waste and where is the grave? -- The cradle -- The grave -- What level of detail? -- The Inventory stage -- Results of the Life Cycle Inventory model: system inputs and outputs -- Net energy consumption -- Air and water emissions -- Landfill volume -- Recovered materials and compost -- Other statistics -- Fuel and electricity consumption in the Life Cycle of solid waste -- Electricity consumption -- Petrol and diesel consumption -- Natural gas consumption -- The economic assessment -- The main differences between IWM-1 and IWM-2 Life Cycle Inventory models -- Other LCI models for waste management -- US Environmental Protection Agency Life Cycle model for waste management -- The UK Environment Agency model.

CSR/EPIC model -- The relationship between a Life Cycle Inventory for waste and product or packaging Life Cycle Inventories -- Chapter 6 LCI Case Studies -- Summary -- Introduction -- Caracas, Venezuela - LCI scenarios for the recovery of recyclable material -- LCI tool -- Baseline scenario -- Recycling scenario -- Comparison -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- Pamplona, Spain - LCI scenarios for separate collection of organic material -- LCI tool -- Baseline scenario -- Pamplona scenarios -- Results -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- Gloucestershire county, UK - LCI scenarios for composting, recycling and incineration -- Development of waste management scenarios for Gloucestershire -- Baseline and alternative scenarios -- Results -- Conclusions 1 -- Application -- Further studies -- Use of LCI results by local authorities -- Conclusions 2 -- Acknowledgements -- Barcelona Metropolitan Area - LCI for long-term Integrated Waste Management strategy planning -- Collection and disposal -- Objectives of the new waste management system -- Use of an LCI tool to help develop the new Integrated Waste Management system -- Waste Management system -- The new Integrated Waste Management system -- Conclusions -- London, Ontario, Canada - LCI for assessment of different materials recycling options -- Results from the LCI model -- Energy -- Global Warming Potential (GWP) -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- United States Environmental Protection Agency case studies -- Background -- Decision Support Tool -- Testing the Decision Support Tool in local communities -- Wisconsin case study methodology and results -- Waste composition, generation, and recycling data -- Collection, recycling, and disposal options for residential, multi-family, and commercial waste -- Key assumptions employed -- Discussion of results -- Acknowledgements.

United Kingdom Environment Agency case studies -- Introduction -- Interpretation of the data from WISARD -- Brighton & Hove Council -- Carmarthenshire County Council -- Nottingham City Council -- Dorset County Council -- Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council -- Pendle Borough Council (Lancashire) -- Powys County Council -- Shropshire County Council -- Surrey County Council -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Where to from here? -- Chapter 7 The Overall Picture -- Introduction -- From Life Cycle Inventory results to sustainability -- The progress so far -- Future directions -- ELEMENTS OF IWM -- Chapter 8 Solid Waste Generation and Composition -- Summary -- Introduction -- Solid waste generation -- Solid wastes dealt with in this study -- Quantities of MSW generated -- Composition of MSW -- Composition of MSW - by materials -- Composition of MSW - by chemical analysis -- Variability in MSW generation -- Effects of source reduction -- MSW classification - the need for standardisation -- MSW analysis methods -- Chapter 9 Waste Collection -- Summary -- Introduction -- Home sorting -- Sorting ability -- Sorting motivation -- Bring versus kerbside collection systems -- Collection systems -- Dry recyclable materials -- Single (mono) material banks -- Mixed recyclables banks -- Kerbside collection -- Amount of material collected -- Contamination levels -- Biowaste and garden waste -- Biowaste definition -- The Advantages of including non-recyclable paper in the difinition of biowaste -- Possible disadvantages of including non-recyclable paper in the definition of biowaste -- Amount of material collected -- Contamination levels -- Collection methods -- Packaging waste -- Status of implementation -- Inconsistencies between packaging recovery schemes -- Costs of different recovery schemes -- Results of used packaging recovery schemes.

Hazardous materials in household waste - the exception that proves the rule.