Structural Materials and Processes in Transportation -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I Metals -- 1 Steel and Iron Based Alloys -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sheet Steels -- 1.2.1 Development Strategy and Overview -- 1.2.2 Multiphase Microstructure Design -- 1.2.3 HSLA Steel -- 1.2.4 BH Steel -- 1.2.5 DP Steel -- 1.2.6 TRIP Steel -- 1.2.7 CP Steel -- 1.2.8 PM Steel -- 1.2.9 TWIP Steel -- 1.2.10 MnB Steels for Press Hardening -- 1.2.11 LH Steel -- 1.2.12 Q&P Steel -- 1.3 Forging Steels -- 1.3.1 AFP Steel -- 1.3.2 HDB Steel -- 1.3.3 Nb Microalloyed Case-Hardening Steels -- 1.3.4 Nb Microalloyed TRIP Steels -- 1.4 Casting Steel -- 1.4.1 Austempered Ductile Cast Iron (ADI) -- References -- 2 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Wrought Alloys and Associated Processes -- 2.2.1 Alloy Classes and Their Basic Constitution -- 2.2.2 Plates and Sheets -- 2.2.2.1 Alloy Development -- 2.2.2.2 Process Development -- 2.2.3 Extrusions -- 2.2.3.1 Alloy Development -- 2.2.3.2 Process Development -- 2.2.4 Forgings -- 2.2.4.1 Alloy Development -- 2.2.4.2 Process Development -- 2.3 Casting Alloys and Associated Processes -- 2.3.1 Alloy Classes and Their Basic Constitution -- 2.3.1.1 Alloy Development -- 2.3.1.2 Process Development -- 2.3.1.3 Sand Casting -- 2.3.1.4 Low-Pressure Die/Sand Casting -- 2.3.1.5 Investment Casting -- 2.3.1.6 High-Pressure Die Casting (HPDC) -- 2.3.1.7 Semisolid Processes -- 2.3.2 Powder Metallurgy of Aluminum Alloys -- 2.3.2.1 Liquid Phase Sintering -- 2.3.2.2 Advanced Powder Metallurgical Alloys and Processes -- 2.3.2.3 Consolidation and Extrusion -- 2.3.2.4 Melt Spinning -- 2.3.2.5 Spray Forming -- 2.4 Secondary Processes -- 2.4.1 Joining -- 2.4.2 Heat Treatment -- 2.4.3 Surface Protection -- 2.5 Case Studies -- 2.5.1 Advancement on Deep Drawing of 7xxx Sheets for Automotive Applications.

2.5.2 Advancement on High-Pressure Die Casting with Gas Injection -- 2.5.3 Advancement on Combined Method: Powder Metallurgy, Casting, Forging, and Extrusion -- 2.6 Summary and Outlook -- 2.7 Further Reading -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 3 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Wrought Alloys and Associated Processes -- 3.2.1 Alloys -- 3.2.2 Extrusion -- 3.2.3 Forging -- 3.2.4 Sheet Processing -- 3.3 Cast Alloys and Associated Processes -- 3.3.1 Alloys -- 3.3.2 Die Casting -- 3.3.3 Gravity Casting -- 3.4 Other Aspects -- 3.4.1 Corrosion and Coatings -- 3.4.2 Safety -- 3.4.3 Sustainability -- 3.5 Case Studies -- 3.5.1 Case 1 Wrought Products: Forging -- 3.5.2 Case 2 Cast Products: Injection Molding -- 3.6 Summary and Outlook -- 3.7 Further Reading -- References -- 4 Titanium and Titanium Alloys -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fundamental Aspects -- 4.2.1 Phase Diagrams and Alloy Classes -- 4.2.2 Hardening Mechanisms -- 4.2.3 cp-Ti and a-Alloys -- 4.2.4 Near-a and a + b Alloys -- 4.2.5 Metastable b-Alloys -- 4.2.6 Conclusions Regarding Fatigue Performance -- 4.3 Applications in Automobiles, Aerospace, and ShipBuilding -- 4.3.1 Automobiles -- 4.3.1.1 Powertrain -- 4.3.1.2 Suspension -- 4.3.2 Aerospace Applications -- 4.3.2.1 Engines -- 4.3.2.2 Nonengine Applications -- 4.3.3 Shipbuilding -- 4.4 Future Trends -- 4.4.1 New Alloy Developments -- 4.4.2 Developments in Powder Metallurgy (P/M) -- 4.4.3 Protection against Galvanic Corrosion -- 4.4.4 Titanium Aluminides -- 4.5 Further Reading -- References -- Part II Polymers -- 5 Thermoplastics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fundamentals and Recent Advancements in Thermoplastics -- 5.3 Processing and Evolution of Structure-Basics and Recent Developments -- 5.3.1 Synthesis of Thermoplastics -- 5.3.2 Processing of Thermoplastic Structural Components.

5.3.3 Evolution of Structure in Thermoplastic Polymers -- 5.4 Properties -- 5.5 Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 Thermosets -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Historical Development -- 6.1.2 Current Use and Global Supply Base -- 6.1.3 Basic Thermoset Classes: General Aspects -- 6.1.3.1 Polyester Resins -- 6.1.3.2 Epoxy Resins -- 6.1.3.3 Phenolic Resins -- 6.1.3.4 Polyurethane Resins -- 6.1.3.5 Typical Processing, Safety, and Handling -- 6.1.3.6 Ecological Aspects -- 6.2 Advanced Thermosets and Associated Processes -- 6.2.1 Polyimides -- 6.2.2 Bismaleimide -- 6.2.3 PMR (In situ Polymerization with Monomeric Reactants) -- 6.2.4 Polystyryl Pyridine -- 6.2.5 Silicone -- 6.2.6 Cyanate Esters -- 6.2.7 Furane -- 6.2.8 Benzoxazine -- 6.2.9 Urea-Formaldehyde and Melamine-Formaldehyde -- 6.2.10 Phthalonitriles -- 6.3 Thermosets for Coatings and Adhesives -- 6.3.1 Corrosion Protection -- 6.3.2 Adhesive Thermosets -- 6.4 Case Studies-Thermoset Composites -- 6.4.1 Composites in Automotive Vehicles -- 6.4.2 Composites in the Rail Vehicles -- 6.4.3 Composites in the Aeronautical/Aerospace Industry -- 6.5 Summary and Outlook -- References -- 7 Elastomers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classification of Elastomers -- 7.3 Natural Rubber -- 7.4 Synthetic Rubbers -- 7.5 Thermoplastic Elastomers -- 7.6 Fluorine-Containing TPEs -- 7.7 Bio-Based TPEs -- 7.8 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Composites -- 8 Polymer Matrix Composites -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Materials for Fiber Composites -- 8.1.1.1 Fibers -- 8.1.1.2 Glass Fibers -- 8.1.1.3 Carbon Fibers -- 8.1.1.4 Aramid Fibers -- 8.1.1.5 Resin -- 8.1.1.6 Intermediate Forms of Reinforcement -- 8.1.1.7 Fiber Volume Fraction -- 8.1.1.8 Fiber Orientation Angle -- 8.1.2 Processes -- 8.1.2.1 Preforming Processes -- 8.1.2.2 Processes for Composite Manufacturing with Thermoset Matrix Systems.

8.1.2.3 Processes for Composite Manufacturing with Thermoplastic Matrix -- 8.1.3 Manufacturing Process Simulation -- 8.1.4 Merging Technologies -- 8.1.4.1 Structural Health Monitoring -- 8.1.4.2 Adaptive Structures -- 8.2 Further Reading -- References -- 9 Metal Matrix Composites -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 General Aspects of MMCs -- 9.1.2 Structural Applications -- 9.1.3 Thermal Management Applications -- 9.2 Relevant MMC Systems -- 9.2.1 Discontinuously Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites and Associated Processes -- 9.2.2 Continuously Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites and Associated Processes -- 9.2.2.1 SiC Monofilament Cost Reduction -- 9.2.2.2 Development of Preprocessing Concepts -- 9.2.2.3 Simplified Manufacturing Methods -- 9.3 Case Studies -- 9.3.1 Case Study 1: Aluminum Matrix Composites for IGBTs -- 9.3.1.1 Introduction -- 9.3.1.2 Requirements and Materials Selection -- 9.3.1.3 Manufacturing Process, Design, and Performance Analysis -- 9.3.1.4 Conclusions -- 9.3.2 Case Study 2: Aluminum Matrix Composites for Automotive Brake Disks -- 9.3.2.1 Introduction -- 9.3.2.2 Requirements and Materials Selection -- 9.3.2.3 Manufacturing Process, Design, and Performance Analysis -- 9.3.3 Case Study 3: Titanium Matrix Composites (TMCs) for Aerospace Applications -- 9.3.3.1 Introduction -- 9.3.3.2 Requirements and Materials Selection -- 9.3.3.3 Manufacturing Process, Design, and Performance Analysis -- 9.4 Summary and Outlook -- 9.5 Further Reading -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Polymer Nanocomposites -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Fiber-Reinforced Nanocomposites -- 10.2.1 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Nanocomposites -- 10.2.2 Polyamide/Layered Silicates Nanocomposites -- 10.2.3 Epoxy/Layered Silicates Nanocomposites -- 10.2.4 Epoxy/CNT Nanocomposites -- 10.3 Sandwich Structures -- 10.4 High-Temperature Fiber-Reinforced Nanocomposites.

10.5 Age and Durability Performance -- 10.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- References -- Part IV Cellular Materials -- 11 Polymeric Foams -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Blowing Agents for Polymer Foams -- 11.3 Thermoplastic Foams: Conventional Processing Technologies -- 11.3.1 Injection Molding -- 11.3.2 Extrusion Foaming -- 11.3.3 Compression Molding -- 11.3.4 Gas Dissolution Foaming -- 11.4 Thermoplastic Foams: New Trends, Materials and Technologies -- 11.4.1 Microcellular Foams -- 11.4.2 Nanofoams -- 11.4.3 Bioplastic and Biodegradable Foams -- 11.5 Thermosets Foams: Conventional Processing Technologies -- 11.5.1 Flexible PU Foams -- 11.5.2 Rigid PU Foams -- 11.6 Thermosets Foams: New Trends, Materials and Technologies -- 11.6.1 Epoxy Foams -- 11.6.2 Environmentally Friendly Blowing Agents for PU -- 11.7 Nanocomposite Foams -- 11.8 Case Studies -- 11.8.1 Structural Applications: Sandwich Cores and Structural Foams -- 11.8.2 Comfort and Security -- 11.8.2.1 Combustion and Flammability -- 11.8.2.2 Fogging and Volatiles -- 11.8.2.3 Thermal Insulation -- 11.8.2.4 Sound Proofing and Vibration Damping -- 11.8.3 Environmental Issues -- 11.8.3.1 Energy Saving and Raw Materials Reduction -- 11.8.3.2 Recyclability and Biodegradability -- 11.9 Summary and Outlook -- 11.10 Further Reading -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Metal Foams -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Foams Produced by Means of Melt Technologies -- 12.3 Foams Produced by Means of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) -- 12.4 Porous Structures for Structural Applications Produced from Wires and Other Half-Finished Parts -- 12.5 Case Studies -- 12.6 Summary and Outlook -- 12.6.1 Automotive Passenger Cars -- 12.6.2 Commercial Vehicles -- 12.6.3 Railway Transportation -- 12.6.4 Marine Transport -- 12.6.5 Aeronautical Transport -- 12.7 Further Reading -- Acknowledgments -- References -- References.

Part V Modeling and Simulation.