Sustainable Water Engineering -- Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- 1 Water Crisis -- 1.1 Water Resource Issues -- 1.1.1 Water Footprint -- 1.2 Climate Change and Its Influence on Global Water Resources -- 1.3 Protection and Enhancement of Natural Watershed and Aquifer Environments -- 1.4 Water Engineering for Sustainable Coastal and Offshore Environments -- 1.5 Endangering World Peace and Security -- 1.6 Awareness among Decision Makers and the Public across the World -- 1.7 Criteria for Sustainable Water Management -- 1.8 Water Scarcity and Millennium Development Goals -- 1.9 Lack of Access to Clean Drinking Water and Sanitation -- 1.10 Fragmentation of Water Management -- 1.11 Economics and Financial Aspects -- 1.11.1 Water Treatment and Distribution -- 1.11.2 Wastewater Treatment, Collection and Disposal -- 1.12 Legal Aspects -- References -- 2 Requirements for the Sustainability of Water Systems -- 2.1 History of Water Distribution and Wastewater Collection -- 2.2 Integrated Water Management -- 2.3 Sewerage Treatment and Urban Pollution Management -- 2.4 Conventional Water Supply -- 2.4.1 Features -- 2.4.2 Capacity and Pressure Requirements -- 2.4.3 Design and Hydraulic Analysis of Distribution System -- 2.4.4 Unsustainable Characteristics -- 2.4.5 Sustainable Approach -- 2.5 Conventional Wastewater Collection Systems -- 2.5.1 Features -- 2.5.2 Unsustainable Characteristics -- 2.5.3 Sustainable Approach -- References -- 3 Water Quality Issues -- 3.1 Water-Related Diseases -- 3.1.1 Transmission Vectors -- 3.1.2 Field Testing and Monitoring -- 3.1.3 Village-Level Monitoring -- 3.2 Selection Options for Water Supply Source -- 3.2.1 Spring Capping -- 3.2.2 Simple Tube Wells -- 3.2.3 Hand Pumps -- 3.2.4 Rainwater Harvesting -- 3.2.5 Fog and Dew Harvesting -- 3.2.6 Snow Harvesting -- 3.3 On-Site Sanitation -- 3.3.1 Latrines.

3.3.2 Septic Tanks -- 3.3.3 Aqua Privies -- 3.3.4 Oxidation Pond Treatment Systems -- 3.3.5 Storm Drainage -- 3.4 Water Quality Characteristics of Potable Drinking Water and Wastewater Effluents -- 3.4.1 Physical Parameters -- 3.4.2 Chemical Parameters -- 3.4.3 Solids in Water -- 3.4.4 Biological Parameters -- 3.5 Standards and Consents -- 3.5.1 Potable Water Standards -- 3.5.2 Wastewater Effluent Standards -- 3.6 Kinetics of Biochemical Oxygen Demand -- 3.7 Water Management for Wildlife Conservation -- 3.8 Water-Quality Deterioration -- References -- 4 Fundamentals of Treatment and Process Design, and Sustainability -- 4.1 History of Water and Wastewater Treatment Regulatory Issues across the World -- 4.1.1 Low-Tech versus Hi-Tech -- 4.1.2 Low Cost versus High Cost -- 4.2 Design Principles for Sustainable Treatment Systems -- 4.2.1 Low Carbon -- 4.2.2 Low Energy -- 4.2.3 Low Chemical Use -- 4.2.4 Modelling of Treatment Processes to Attain Sustainability -- 4.2.5 Operation, Management, Financial, Socio-Economic Aspect -- 4.3 Preliminary and Primary Treatment -- 4.3.1 Screening -- 4.3.2 Coarse-Solid Reduction -- 4.3.3 Grease Removal Chamber -- 4.3.4 Flow Equalization -- 4.3.5 Mixing and Flocculation -- 4.3.6 Sedimentation -- 4.3.7 Flotation -- 4.4 Secondary Treatment -- 4.4.1 Biological Treatment -- 4.4.2 Vermifiltration -- 4.4.3 Chemical Treatment -- 4.5 Tertiary Treatment -- 4.5.1 Filtration -- 4.5.2 Activated Carbon Treatment -- 4.5.3 Ion Exchange -- 4.5.4 Forward and Reverse Osmosis, Membrane Filtration, Membrane Bioreactor, Membrane Distillation, and Electro Dialysis -- 4.5.5 Air Stripping -- 4.5.6 Disinfection and Fluoridation -- 4.5.7 Removal of Specific Constituents -- 4.6 Emerging Technologies -- 4.6.1 Nanotechnology applied for Water Purification -- 4.6.2 Photocatalysis -- 4.6.3 Evaporation -- 4.6.4 Incineration.

4.6.5 Sono-Photo-Fenton Process -- 4.7 Residual Management -- 4.7.1 Thickening -- 4.7.2 Drying -- 4.7.3 Stabilization -- 4.7.4 Digestion -- 4.7.5 Composting -- 4.7.6 Dewatering -- 4.7.7 Incineration -- 4.7.8 Remediation of Contaminants in Subsurface -- 4.8 Portable Water Purification Kit -- 4.9 Requirements of Electrical, Instrumentation and Mechanical Equipment in Water and Wastewater Treatment to Achieve Sustainability -- 4.9.1 Electrical Equipment and Energy Requirement -- 4.9.2 Piping and Instrumentation -- 4.9.3 Mechanical Equipment Requirements and Related Issues -- 4.9.4 Systems and Operational Issues -- 4.9.5 Real-Time Control -- 4.9.6 Indicators of Sustainable Performance -- Systems Approach for Sustainability Assessment of Water Infrastructure -- 4.9.7 Troubleshooting -- 4.9.8 Operational Checks for the STP -- 4.9.9 Design, Construction and Engineering Checks for the WWTP -- 4.9.10 Odour Management -- References -- 5 Sustainable Industrial Water Use and Wastewater Treatment -- 5.1 Sustainable Principles in Industrial Water Use and Wastewater Treatment -- 5.1.1 Industries with High Dissolved Solids -- 5.1.2 Industries/Activities with High Inorganic Content -- 5.2 Industries with Low Dissolved Solids -- 5.2.1 Industries with Low Amounts of Inorganic Materials -- 5.2.2 Industries Dealing with Low Dissolved Organic Material -- References -- 6 Sustainable Effluent Disposal -- 6.1 Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curves, Mass Balance Calculations and Basic River Models -- 6.2 Disposal Options and Impact on Environment -- 6.2.1 Ocean Disposal -- 6.2.2 Disposal into Fresh Water Bodies -- 6.2.3 On-Land Disposal -- 6.3 Sustainable Reuse Options and Practice -- 6.3.1 Toilet Flushing -- 6.3.2 Floor Washing -- 6.3.3 Sustainable Wastewater Irrigation -- 6.3.4 Nonpotable Industrial Use -- References -- 7 Sustainable Construction of Water Structures.

7.1 Sustainable Construction - Principles -- 7.1.1 Green Building -- 7.1.2 Cementless Construction -- 7.1.3 Choosing Eco-Friendly Construction Material -- 7.1.4 Energy Saving during Construction -- 7.1.5 Precautions to be Taken during Construction to save Energy during Operations -- 7.2 Intake Structures -- 7.3 Treatment Plants -- 7.4 WaterWater Storage and Distribution Systems -- 7.5 Wastewater Collection and Disposal System -- References -- 8 Safety Issues in Sustainable Water Management -- 8.1 Health, Safety and Sustainability -- 8.2 Safety of Consumer versus Operator -- 8.3 Safety of People and Animals other than Consumers and Operators -- 8.4 Safety Issues during Construction -- 8.4.1 Electrical Protective Devices -- 8.5 Chemical Handling and Storage -- 8.5.1 Chlorine -- 8.5.2 Herbicides/Pesticides -- 8.6 Safety during Water/Wastewater Treatment Plant Operation -- 8.6.1 Work-Permit System -- 8.7 Disaster Management -- References -- Index -- Supplemental Images.