Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- PART 1: Technologies and Construction Process -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Sustainable Masonry -- 1.1. Definitions of sustainable masonry -- 1.1.1. Sustainable constructions -- 1.1.2. Masonry structures -- 1.2. Challenges of sustainable development in construction -- 1.2.1. Socio-economic aspects -- 1.2.2. Environmental impact -- 1.2.3. Sustainability -- 1.2.4. Recycling and reuse -- 1.3. Past (civil engineering and architecture), present and future (design tools) practices -- 1.3.1. Architectural heritage -- 1.3.2. Cultural heritage -- 1.3.3. Rehabilitation, strengthening -- 1.3.4. New constructions -- 1.4. Durability, deformation and possible movement -- 1.5. Importance of expertise (complexity of cases and history of the structure, evolution over time) -- 1.6. Rationalization and calculation methods -- 1.7. Presentation of the outline of this book -- 1.8. Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Earth and Stone Materials -- 2.1. Stone -- 2.1.1. Geological considerations -- 2.1.2. Stone supply -- 2.1.2.1. Removing stones from fields -- 2.1.2.2. Road grading works -- 2.1.2.3. Rubble recovery -- 2.1.2.4. Quarries -- 2.1.3. Rheology and mechanical strength -- 2.1.3.1. Compressive strength -- 2.1.3.2. Friction between cut stones -- 2.2. Earth -- 2.2.1. Geological and geotechnical considerations -- 2.2.2. Supply of earth -- 2.2.3. Manufacturing of material by compaction (dry) -- 2.2.3.1. Manufacturing of earth blocks by compaction -- 2.2.3.2. Optimization of the material with the block press -- 2.2.3.3. Static compaction test (SCT) -- 2.2.3.4. Selection and characterization of the material: procedure -- 2.2.3.5. Using the SCT for laboratory studies -- 2.2.3.6. Optimization of manufacturing water content by SCT -- 2.2.3.7. The role of water during compaction.

2.2.4. Implementation of earth in plastic state (wet) -- 2.2.4.1. Manufacturing samples of blocks -- 2.2.4.2. Influence of the sample preparation method on their dry density -- 2.2.5. Physicochemical considerations -- 2.3. Measurement of dry density -- 2.3.1. Hydrostatic weighing -- 2.3.2. Gamma densitometer weighing -- 2.4. Bibliography -- Chapter 3: Blocks: The Elements of Masonry -- 3.1 Compression of blocks of uncut stone, dry stone masonry -- 3.1.1. Cylindrical samples with dry joints -- 3.1.2. Compression of rough blocks -- 3.2. Shear strength of rubble stones -- 3.2.1. Shear tests of one bed of stone on another -- 3.2.2. Shear tests on rubble stone (uncut) on an inclined plane -- 3.2.3. Conclusion -- 3.3. Compression of earth blocks -- 3.3.1. Compressive strength tests of clay bricks and concrete masonry units -- 3.3.2. Test on directly flat earth block -- 3.3.3. Test developed under RILEM -- 3.3.4. Indirect tests -- 3.3.5. Features of the compressive strength of earth blocks -- 3.3.5.1. Influence of sample geometry -- 3.3.5.2. Influence of the test procedure -- 3.3.5.3. Influence of the dry density -- 3.3.5.4. Influence of cement content on CEB -- 3.3.5.5. Influence of the water content of the block during a test -- 3.3.5.6. Three-point bending test -- 3.3.6. Conclusion -- 3.4. Bibliography -- Chapter 4: Arrangement of Blocks -- 4.1. Dry assembling, or the art of arranging irregular blocks to make a wall -- 4.1.1. The area of influence of a dry stone retaining wall -- 4.1.2. Quality of the material -- 4.1.3. Elevation -- 4.1.3.1. Excavation -- 4.1.3.2. Foundations -- 4.1.3.3. Laying the first course -- 4.1.3.4. Laying the second course -- 4.1.3.5. Laying the third course -- 4.1.3.6. Covering or coping -- 4.1.3.7. Finishing the construction -- 4.1.4. Conclusion -- 4.2. Mortars of earth blocks and rubble stone masonry.

4.2.1. Measurements in the fresh state -- 4.2.1.1. Measuring air content -- 4.2.1.2. Measuring water retention -- 4.2.1.3. Measuring rheology of fresh mortar -- 4.2.1.3.1. Measuring consistency -- 4.2.1.3.2. The slump test -- 4.2.1.3.3. Measuring workability -- 4.2.1.4. Water content -- 4.2.1.5. Conclusion -- 4.2.2. Drying shrinkage measurements -- 4.2.3. Tests on hardened mortars -- 4.3. Masonry of earth blocks -- 4.4. Stone blocks and mortars -- 4.5. Bibliography -- PART 2: Graphic Statics -- Chapter 5: The Foundations of Graphic Statics -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Concepts and principles of statics -- 5.2.1. Hypotheses and basic concepts -- 5.2.1.1. Force -- 5.2.1.1.1. Vector representation of a force -- 5.2.1.1.2. Scalar representation of a force -- 5.2.1.2. Moment -- 5.2.1.2.1. Vector representation of moment -- 5.2.1.2.2. Scalar representation of moment -- 5.2.1.2.3. Planar case -- 5.2.1.3. Degrees of freedom of a point or a solid -- 5.2.1.4. Connecting elements and contact surfaces -- 5.2.1.5. What is a principle of statics -- 5.2.2. The principle of the parallelogram of forces -- 5.2.3. The principle of equilibrium and its consequences -- 5.2.3.1. The principle of equilibrium -- 5.2.3.2. Two corollaries of the principle of equilibrium -- 5.2.3.3. Theorem of sliding forces -- 5.2.3.4. Couple -- 5.2.3.5. Reduction of a force at a point -- 5.2.3.6. Torsor -- 5.2.4. The principle of reciprocal actions (or action and reaction) -- 5.3. Layout plan and force plan -- 5.3.1. Layout plan -- 5.3.2. Force plan -- 5.4. Bibliography -- Chapter 6: Reduction and Equilibrium of a System of Forces in a Plane -- 6.1. Goals for the reduction of a system of forces -- 6.2. Concurrent forces in the plane -- 6.2.1. Reduction of concurrent forces -- 6.2.1.1. Reduction of two concurrent forces -- 6.2.1.2. Reduction of n concurrent forces.

6.2.2. Equilibrium condition of n concurrent forces -- 6.2.3. Decomposition of a force into several concurrent forces -- 6.2.3.1. Decomposition of a force into two concurrent forces -- 6.2.3.2. Decomposition of a force into n concurrent forces -- 6.2.4. Theorem of three forces -- 6.3. Arbitrary forces in a plane -- 6.3.1. Method of successive applications of the theorem of the parallelogram of forces -- 6.3.2. Resultant couple -- 6.3.3. Equilibrium condition of n arbitrary forces -- 6.4. Bibliography -- Chapter 7: Funicular Polygons -- 7.1. Reduction of a system of parallel forces -- 7.1.1. Reduction by adding two directly opposing forces -- 7.1.2. Reduction by decomposition of forces using a pole and construction of the funicular polygon -- 7.2. Funicular polygon of a system of n arbitrary forces -- 7.3. Properties of funicular polygons -- 7.3.1. Funicular polygons of subsystems of forces -- 7.3.2. Funicular polygon through two a priori fixed points -- 7.3.3. Relationship between funicular polygons constructed from two distinct poles -- 7.3.3.1. Feature of a funicular polygon of a system in equilibrium resulting from the reduction of an initial system reduced to a force -- 7.3.3.2. Application of the previous properties to the relationship between funicular polygons constructed from two distinct poles -- 7.4. Applying the properties of funicular polygons -- 7.4.1. Relationships between a tensed cable and compressed arc -- 7.4.2. Condition on the magnitude of forces -- 7.4.3. Passage of a funicular through three points -- 7.5. Bibliography -- Chapter 8: Projective Properties and Duality -- 8.1. Projective properties and graphic statics -- 8.1.1. The Desargues theorem and equilibrium of three forces -- 8.1.2. Steiner's theorem and equilibrium of n forces -- 8.1.3. Scope of geometric properties in constructions using graphic statics.

8.2. Reciprocal figures and projections of polyhedra -- 8.2.1. Reciprocal plane figures -- 8.2.2. Reciprocal figures seen as projections of polyhedra -- 8.2.2.1. Relationship linking a polyhedron to its projection and its reciprocal figure -- 8.2.2.2. Construction of the reciprocal of figure of a polyhedron projection -- 8.2.2.3. Steiner's theorem considered through duality -- 8.3. Duality in graphic statics -- 8.3.1. Interpretation of reciprocal figures in the case of reticulated structures -- 8.3.2. Reciprocal figures and funicular polygons -- 8.3.3. Application in the search for tensile planar structure shapes -- 8.3.4. Search for support reactions of a solid -- 8.3.5. Application to the calculation of reticulated structures loaded at the nodes -- 8.4. Bibliography -- PART 3: Yield Design Applied to Masonry -- Chapter 9: Principles of Yield Design -- 9.1. Objective and position of the yield design problem -- 9.2. Potential stability and potentially bearable loads -- 9.2.1. Notion of potential stability, domain of potentially bearable loads and extreme loads -- 9.2.2. Potentially bearable loads in a reticulated structure -- 9.3. Search for domain K of potentially bearable loads -- 9.3.1. Static approach from the inside -- 9.3.2. Static approach from the outside -- 9.3.3. Kinematic approach from the outside -- 9.4. Bibliography -- Chapter 10: Stability of Curvilinear Masonry -- 10.1. Yield design applied to planar curvilinear masonry -- 10.1.1. Geometric definition of planar curvilinear masonry -- 10.1.1.1. Curvilinear assembly blocks -- 10.1.1.2. Continuous description along a guiding curve -- 10.1.2. Strength criteria -- 10.1.3. Strength criteria expressed in terms of generalized stresses -- 10.1.3.1. Generalized stresses -- 10.1.3.2. Relationship between generalized stresses with Heyman's assumptions.

10.1.3.3. Relationship between generalized stresses for the Coulomb criterion.