Aquaculture, Resource Use, and the Environment -- Contents -- Foreword -- Foreword -- Foreword -- Abbreviations -- Preface -- Chapter 1 An overview of aquaculture -- History -- Culture species -- Water sources and culture systems -- Ponds -- Flow-through systems -- Cages and net pens -- Water reuse systems -- Mollusc and seaweed culture -- Environmental issues -- Conclusions -- The eNGO perspective -- References -- Chapter 2 World population -- Historical demographics -- World population and its distribution -- The future -- Conclusions -- The eNGO perspective -- References -- Chapter 3 World food production -- Agricultural production -- Plant production -- Animal production -- Food sufficiency -- Future issues -- Fisheries production -- Capture fisheries -- Aquaculture -- Future issues -- Seaweed production -- International trade -- Agricultural products -- Fisheries and aquaculture products -- Conclusions -- The eNGO perspective -- References -- Chapter 4 Assessing resource use and environmental impacts -- Sources of information -- Environmental impact assessment -- Life cycle assessment -- Footprints -- Food miles -- Effluent and environmental monitoring -- Indicators -- Conclusions -- The eNGO perspective -- References -- Endnotes -- Chapter 5 Land use -- Major land uses -- Land use in aquaculture -- Facilities -- Feeds -- Total land requirements -- Waste assimilation -- Comparison of land use in aquaculture and agriculture -- Land use conversions by aquaculture -- Mangroves -- Reclamation of abandoned ponds -- Waste disposal on land -- Conclusions -- The eNGO perspective -- References -- Chapter 6 Water use by aquaculture systems -- Availability of freshwater -- Water footprint -- Water use in aquaculture -- Embankment ponds -- Watershed ponds -- Excavated ponds -- Flow-through systems, cages, and net pens -- Water use comparisons.

Water availability for aquaculture -- Water conservation in aquaculture -- Conclusions -- The eNGO perspective -- References -- Chapter 7 Energy use and atmospheric emissions -- Global energy use -- Primary fuels -- Primary fuel reserves -- Energy end use -- Energy for the world food system -- Fisheries and aquaculture -- Atmospheric emissions -- Solar radiation, atmospheric gases, and temperature -- The sun -- The atmosphere -- Greenhouse gases -- Effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gas increase -- Effects of sulfur and nitrogen dioxide -- Actions to combat atmospheric emissions -- Conclusions -- The eNGO perspective -- References -- Chapter 8 Protein conversion and the fish meal and oil issue -- Amino acids and proteins -- Protein conversion in aquaculture -- Fish meal and fish oil -- Fish in-fish out ratio -- Conclusions -- The eNGO perspective -- References -- Chapter 9 Chemicals in aquaculture -- Chemical use -- Liming materials -- Fertilizers -- Organic fertilizers -- Chemical fertilizers -- Therapeutants -- Antibiotics -- Parasiticides -- Fungicides and disinfectant dips -- Disinfectants -- Chlorine compounds -- Insecticides -- Miscellaneous compounds -- Anesthetics -- Hormones -- Oxidants -- Potassium permanganate -- Peroxides -- Sodium sulfite -- Nitrate compounds -- Algicides -- Copper compounds -- Diuron -- Aquatic herbicides -- Fish toxicants -- Rotenone -- Saponin -- Antimycin A -- Other fish toxicants -- Precautions -- Coagulants -- Antifoulants -- Osmoregulators and ionic balance adjustors -- Feed additives -- Bacterial products -- Fuels and lubricants -- Conclusions -- The eNGO perspective -- References -- Chapter 10 Water pollution -- Pollution potential of production systems -- Methods for enhancing production capacity -- System waste loads -- Assimilation and removal of wastes -- Effluent quality.

Reducing concentrations and loads of pollutants -- Nutrient input management -- Effluent management in ponds -- Sedimentation basins -- Preventing salination -- Best management practices -- Perspectives on pollution by aquaculture -- Fisheries processing effluents -- Conclusions -- The eNGO perspective -- References -- Chapter 11 Biodiversity -- Major concerns about biodiversity -- Aquaculture effluents and biodiversity -- Effects of land and water use on biodiversity -- Escapes of farm stock -- Exotic species -- Genetically modified organisms -- Predator control -- Impingement of aquatic animals -- Movement of aquaculture species -- Capture of wild larvae and broodstock -- Disease transmission between farmed and wild animals -- Beneficial effects of aquaculture on biodiversity -- Conclusions -- The eNGO perspective -- References -- Chapter 12 Governmental regulations -- Land and water use -- Wetlands -- Bird and other predator control -- Importations of aquaculture species -- Aquatic animal disease regulations -- Seafood regulations -- Effluent discharge permits -- Stream classification -- Wastewater discharge permits -- Aquaculture effluent rule -- Other regulations -- Conclusions -- The eNGO perspective -- References -- Chapter 13 Best management practices -- Background -- Development of aquaculture BMPs -- General information -- Farm survey -- Literature search -- Special studies -- Water management and effluents -- Farm operations -- Assessment of possible impacts -- Drafting of BMPs -- Adoption and effectiveness of aquaculture BMPs -- Conclusions -- The eNGO perspective -- References -- Chapter 14 Eco-label certification -- Environmental ratings of aquaculture products -- Sourcing policies -- Association standards -- History of eco-labeling -- Principles of eco-labeling -- Organic certification -- Aquaculture eco-label certification programs.

Best aquaculture practice standards -- Aquaculture Dialogues and the Aquaculture Stewardship Council -- Friend of the sea -- GLOBALG.A.P. -- Government standards -- Trans-national partnerships -- Demand for certified products -- Conclusions -- The eNGO perspective -- References -- Endnotes -- Chapter 15 Some final thoughts -- The eNGO perspective -- Index -- EULA.