Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter One: The Unprecedented Collision of Water Scarcity, Conflict, and Forced Displacement -- Key Highlights -- Introduction -- Focus of the Report -- Note -- References -- Chapter Two: Why and in What Contexts Does Water Contribute to Conflict and Forced Displacement? -- Key Highlights -- Introduction -- What Is the Evidence on the Links between Water Risks and Forced Displacement? -- What Is the Evidence on the Links between Water and Conflict? -- Does Forced Displacement Catalyze Conflict and Tensions over Water? -- Looking Ahead: Soaring Demand, Climate Change, and the Changing Nature of Conflict -- Conclusions -- Note -- References -- Chapter Three: Least Protected, Most Affected -- Key Highlights -- Introduction -- Who Are the Forcibly Displaced Populations and Their Host Communities? -- Where Do the Forcibly Displaced Populations Live and What Water Risks Do They Face? -- COVID-19 Exacerbates Existing Vulnerabilities and Creates New Challenges -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter Four: Water: An Opportunity for Protecting the Most Vulnerable and Building Resilience -- Key Highlights -- Introduction -- From People's Grievances to Regional Dynamics: An Integrated Framework to Respond to Water Risks during Protracted Forced Displacement -- The Path Not Taken: Trade-Offs between Short-Term Gains and Long-Term Sustainability Shape Success -- References -- Appendix A: Definitions of Selected Terms Used in This Report -- Appendix B: Water Conflict and Cooperation Event Data Sets -- Appendix C: Interviews with Key Informants -- Appendix D: Interviews with Refugees in Jordan and Lebanon -- Boxes -- Box 1.1: Climate Change, Population Growth, and the Middle East and North Africa's Water Crisis.

Box 2.1: Influence of Water Risks on Migration and Conflict Relative to Socioeconomic and Political Factors -- Box 2.2: Climate Change in the Syrian Arab Republic -- Box 2.3: Complementary Approaches to Study the Links between Water-Related Variables, Migration, and Conflict -- Box 2.4: Basra: A Hot Spot of Water Scarcity and Fragility -- Box 2.5: Combined Impact of Conflict and Climate-Related Water Risks: Evidence from Lake Chad -- Box 3.1: Water Challenges in the Shatila Refugee Camp, Beirut, Lebanon -- Box 3.2: A Syrian's Access to Water in the Zaatari Camp -- Box 3.3: Water Risks and Those Left Behind -- Box 3.4: What Has COVID-19 Meant for Refugees' Water Security? Tales from Syrian Refugees in Jordan -- Box 4.1: Bridging Humanitarian Response and Development in Uganda: The Integrated Water Management and Development Project -- Box 4.2: Emerging Lessons from the Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa -- Box 4.3: Controlled Environment Agriculture for Forcibly Displaced Populations and Host Communities -- Box C.1: Expert Elicitation Themes and Questions in Key Informant Questionnaire -- Box D.1: Topics and Questions on Impacts of COVID-19 and Water Security Questionnaire -- Figures -- Figure ES.1: Framework to Examine the Interplay of Water, Conflict, and Forced Displacement in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure ES.2: Approach for Development Actors to Promote Water Security for Forcibly Displaced People and Their Host Communities -- Figure ES.3: Decision Points in Response to Water Risks Faced by Forcibly Displaced People and Their Hosy Communities -- Figure ES.4: Water in the Shadow of Conflict -- Figure 1.1: Framework to Examine the Interplay of Water, Conflict, and Forced Displacement in the Middle East and North Africa.

Figure 2.1: Reasons for Leaving Place of Origin and Coming to Current Location among IDP Communities in Libya, June 2020 -- Figure B2.1.1: Factors that Influence Migration in the Middle East and North Africa, by Influence and Uncertainty -- Figure B2.1.2: Ranking of Factors That Most Influence Armed Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure B2.1.3: Changes in the Influence of Water Risks on Migration Rates under Increasing Climate Change -- Figure 2.2: Number of Domestic Events Related to Water Quality/Quantity in the Middle East and North Africa Displayed on a Conflict/Cooperation Scale, 1997-2009 -- Figure 2.3: Number of International Water Events in the Middle East and North Africa Displayed on a Conflict/Cooperation Scale, 1948-2008 -- Figure 2.4: Instances of Water Infrastructure Targeting in the Middle East and North Africa, 2011-18 -- Figure 3.1: Countries and Economies of Origin of Forced Displacement, 2020 -- Figure 3.2: Number of Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Palestinian Refugees Hosted, by Country and Economy, 2020 -- Figure 3.3: Share of Refugees and Asylum Seekers with Disability Status, by Country in the Middle East and North Africa, 2019 -- Figure 3.4: Three Displacement Settings and Related Characteristics -- Figure 3.5: Access to Drinking Water and to Improved Unshared Sanitation Facilities by Area of Residence in West Bank and Gaza, Including Camps and Source of Water, 2014 -- Figure 3.6: Access to Services among Syrian Arab Republic Refugees in Three Locations in Jordan, by Household with Disability, 2018 -- Figure 3.7: Primary Humanitarian Needs of IDPs and Returnees in the Republic of Yemen, 2019 -- Figure 3.8: Main Sources of Water among IDPs, Returnees, International Migrants, and Host Communities in Libya, 2020.

Figure B3.3.1: Gaps in Networked Water Supply and Sanitation Services between Capital City and Other Areas -- Figure B3.3.2: Water Risks Are Associated with Higher Spatial Inequality in the Middle East and North Africa Region -- Figure 3.9: Share of International Migrant Population by Frequency of Access to Public Drinking Water Supply -- Figure 3.10: Percentage of Lebanese Households Exposed to E. coli at Point of Consumption and Distribution -- Figure 3.11: Access to Sanitation Services for Syrian Refugees, by Host Country and Location, 2017 -- Figure 3.12: Water Quality Trends and Number of Refugees in Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon -- Figure 3.13: Performance Data for Selected Utilities in Kurdistan Region of Iraq, 2011 and 2017 -- Figure 4.1: Approach for Development Actors to Promote Water Security for Forcibly Displaced People and Their Host Communities -- Figure 4.2: Decision Points, Pathways, and Water Security Outcomes for Forcibly Displaced People and their Host Communities -- Tables -- Table 2.1: Examples of International Water Events in the Middle East and North Africa, Ranked on a Conflict/Cooperation Scale, 1948-2008 -- Table B.1: Number of Events Recorded in the WARICC Data Set by Event Type for Different Samples of the Full Data Set -- Table B.2: Countries Involved and Number of Events Recorded in the Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database by Event Type for Different Samples of the Full Data Set -- Table C.1: Key Informants Interviewed as Part of This Study.