Front Cover -- Environmental & Pollution Science -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- The Editors -- Contributing Authors -- The Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science (SWES) -- Part 1: Processes Affecting Fate and Transport of Contaminants -- Chapter 1. The Extent of Global Pollution -- 1.1 Science and Pollution -- 1.2 Global Perspective of the Environment -- 1.3 Pollution and Population Pressures -- 1.4 Overview of Environmental Characterization -- 1.5 Advances in Analytical Detection Technology -- 1.6 The Risk Based Approach to Pollution Science -- 1.7 Waste Management, Site Remediation, and Ecosystem Restoration -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 2. Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Soils and the Subsurface -- 2.1 Soil and Subsurface Environments -- 2.2 Solid Phase -- 2.3 Gaseous Phase -- 2.4 Liquid Phase -- 2.5 Basic Physical Properties -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 3. Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Waters -- 3.1 The Watery Planet -- 3.2 Unique Properties of Water -- 3.3 Mechanical Properties -- 3.4 The Universal Solvent -- 3.5 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions -- 3.6 Light in Aquatic Environments -- 3.7 Oceans -- 3.8 Lakes and Reservoirs-The Lentic System -- 3.9 Streams and Rivers-The Lotic System -- 3.10 Groundwater-Water in the Subsurface -- 3.11 A Watershed Approach -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 4. Physical-Chemical Characteristics of the Atmosphere -- 4.1 Chemical Composition -- 4.2 Physical Properties and Structure -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 5. Biotic Characteristics of the Environment -- 5.1 Major Groups of Organisms -- 5.2 Microorganisms in Surface Soils -- 5.3 Microorganisms in the Subsurface -- 5.4 Biological Generation of Energy.

5.5 Soil as an Environment for Microbes -- 5.6 Activity and Physiological State of Microbes in Soil -- 5.7 Enumeration of Soil Bacteria via Dilution and Plating -- 5.8 Microorganisms in Air -- 5.9 Microorganisms in Surface Waters -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 6. Physical Processes Affecting Contaminant Transport and Fate -- 6.1 Contaminant Transport and Fate in the Environment -- 6.2 Contaminant Properties -- 6.3 Advection -- 6.4 Dispersion -- 6.5 Mass Transfer -- 6.6 Transformation Reactions -- 6.7 Characterizing Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Contaminants -- 6.8 Estimating Phase Distributions of Contaminants -- 6.9 Quantifying Contaminant Transport and Fate -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 7. Chemical Processes Affecting Contaminant Transport and Fate -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Basic Properties of Inorganic Contaminants -- 7.3 Basic Properties of Organic Contaminants -- 7.4 Sorption Processes -- 7.5 Abiotic Transformation Reactions -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 8. Biological Processes Affecting Contaminant Transport and Fate -- 8.1 Biological Effects on Pollutants -- 8.2 The Overall Process of Biodegradation -- 8.3 Microbial Activity and Biodegradation -- 8.4 Biodegradation Pathways -- 8.5 Transformation of Metal Pollutants -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Part 2: Monitoring, Assessment, and Regulation of Environmental Pollution -- Chapter 9. Physical Contaminants -- 9.1 Particle Origins -- 9.2 Particle Size -- 9.3 Particles in Air or Aerosols -- 9.4 Particulates in Water -- 9.5 Summary -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 10. Chemical Contaminants -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Types of Contaminants -- 10.3 Sources: Agricultural Activities.

10.4 Sources: Industrial and Manufacturing Activities -- 10.5 Sources: Municipal Waste -- 10.6 Sources: Service-Related Activities -- 10.7 Sources: Resource Extraction/Production -- 10.8 Sources: Radioactive Contaminants -- 10.9 Natural Sources of Contaminants -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 11. Microbial Contaminants -- 11.1 Water-Related Microbial Disease -- 11.2 Classes of Diseases and Types of Pathogens -- 11.3 Types of Pathogenic Organisms -- 11.4 Sources of Pathogens in the Environment -- 11.5 Fate and Transport of Pathogens in the Environment -- 11.6 Standards and Criteria for Indicators -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 12. The Role of Environmental Monitoring in Pollution Science -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Sampling and Monitoring Basics -- 12.3 Statistics and Geostatistics -- 12.4 Sampling and Monitoring Tools -- 12.5 Soil and Vadose Zone Sampling and Monitoring -- 12.6 Groundwater Sampling and Monitoring -- 12.7 Surface Water Sampling and Monitoring -- 12.8 Atmosphere Sampling and Monitoring -- 12.9 Conclusions -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 13. Environmental Toxicology -- 13.1 History of Modern Toxicity in the United States -- 13.2 Toxic Versus Nontoxic -- 13.3 Exposure and Dose -- 13.4 Evaluation of Toxicity -- 13.5 Responses to Toxic Substances -- 13.6 Carcinogens -- 13.7 Mutagens -- 13.8 Teratogens -- 13.9 Chemical Toxicity: General Considerations -- 13.10 Chemical Toxicity: Selected Substances -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 14. Risk Assessment -- 14.1 The Concept of Risk Assessment -- 14.2 The Process of Risk Assessment -- 14.3 Ecological Risk Assessment -- 14.4 Microbial Risk Assessment -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading.

Chapter 15. Environmental Laws and Regulations -- 15.1 Regulatory Overview -- 15.2 The Safe Drinking Water Act -- 15.3 The Clean Water Act -- 15.4 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act -- 15.5 Federal Insecticide and Rodenticide Act -- 15.6 Clean Air Act -- 15.7 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) -- 15.8 The Pollution Prevention Act -- 15.9 Other Regulatory Agencies and Accords -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Part 3: Land and Water Pollution Mitigation -- Chapter 16. Soil and Land Pollution -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Surface Mining -- 16.3 Deforestation -- 16.4 Soil Acidity-Salinity -- 16.5 Soil Erosion -- 16.6 Agricultural Activities -- 16.7 Animal Wastes -- 16.8 Industrial Wastes With High Salts and Organics -- 16.9 Invasive Species -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 17. Subsurface Pollution -- 17.1 Groundwater as a Resource -- 17.2 Groundwater Pollution -- 17.3 Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment -- 17.4 Point-Source Contamination -- 17.5 Diffuse-Source Contamination -- 17.6 Other Groundwater Contamination Problems -- 17.7 Sustainability of Groundwater Resources -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 18. Surface Water Pollution -- 18.1 Surface Freshwater Resources -- 18.2 Marine Water Resources -- 18.3 Sources of Surface Water Pollution -- 18.4 Sediments as Surface Water Contaminants -- 18.5 Metals as Surface Water Contaminants -- 18.6 Nutrients and Eutrophication of Surface Waters -- 18.7 Organic Compounds in Water -- 18.8 Enteric Pathogens as Surface Water Contaminants -- 18.9 Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) -- 18.10 Quantification of Surface Water Pollution -- 18.11 Determining BOD -- 18.12 Dilution of Effluents -- 18.13 Dye Tracing of Plumes -- 18.14 Spatial and Temporal Variation of Plume.

18.15 Compliance Monitoring -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 19. Soil and Groundwater Remediation -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Superfund Process -- 19.3 Site Characterization -- 19.4 Remediation Technologies -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 20. Ecosystem Restoration and Land Reclamation -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Site Characterization -- 20.3 Site Restoration -- 20.4 Site Monitoring -- 20.5 Approaches to Ecosystem Restoration -- 20.6 Land Reclamation -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Part 4: Atmospheric Pollution -- Chapter 21. Sensory Pollutants, Electromagnetic Fields and Radiofrequency Radiation -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Heat -- 21.3 Light -- 21.4 Noise Pollution -- 21.5 Odor as a Sensory Pollutant -- 21.6 Electromagnetic Fields and Radiofrequency -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 22. Indoor Air Quality -- 22.1 Fundamentals of Indoor Air Quality -- 22.2 Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants -- 22.3 Factors Influencing Exposure to Indoor Air -- 22.4 Monitoring IAQ -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 23. Atmospheric Pollution -- 23.1 Air Pollution Concepts -- 23.2 Sources, Types, and Effects of Air Pollution -- 23.3 Weather and Pollutants -- 23.4 Pollution Trends in the United States -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 24. Global Change -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect -- 24.3 Other Global Changes -- 24.4 Solutions to the Problems of Global Environmental Change -- Questions and Problems -- References and Additional Reading -- Part 5: Waste and Water Treatment and Management -- Chapter 25. Industrial and Municipal Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal -- 25.1 Introduction.

25.2 Relevant Regulations for Industrial and Municipal Solid Wastes.