Green Petroleum: How Oil and Gas Can Be Environmentally Sustainable -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 'Greening': What does it Entail? -- 1.2 The Science of Change: How will our Epoch be Remembered? -- 1.3 Are Natural Resources Finite and Human Needs Infinite? -- 1.4 The Standard of Sustainable Engineering -- 1.5 Can Nature be Treated as if it were Static? -- 1.6 Can Human Intervention Affect Long-Term Sustainability of Nature? -- 1.7 Can an Energy Source be Isolated from Matter? -- 1.8 Is it Possible that Air, Water, and Earth became our Enemies? -- 1.9 Can we Compare Diamonds with Enriched Uranium? -- 1.10 Is Zero-Waste an Absurd Concept? -- 1.11 How can we Determine Whether Natural Energy Sources Last Forever? -- 1.12 Can Doing Good be Bad Business? -- 1.13 Greening of Petroleum Operations: A Fiction? -- 2 From the Pharaonic Age to the Information Age: Have we Progressed in Technology Development Skills? -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Fundamental Misconceptions of the Modern Age -- 2.2.1 Chemicals are Chemicals and Energy is Energy -- 2.2.2 If you Cannot See, it Does not Exist -- 2.2.3 Simulation Equals Emulation -- 2.2.4 Whatever Works is True -- 3 How Long Has This 'Technological Disaster' Been in the Making? Delinearized History of Civilization and Technology Development -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Delinearized History of Time, Science, and Truth -- 3.2.1 Role of First Premise -- 3.3 Other Considerations in Mathematics and Science -- 3.3.1 Numbers in the Qur'an -- 3.4 Modeling Natural Phenomena in Multiple Dimensions -- 3.4.1 Transition from Mathematics of Tangibles to Mathematics of Intangibles -- 3.5 Conclusions -- 4 Is Modern Science Capable of Discerning Between True and False? -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Why Focus on Tangibles Makes it Impossible for us to Act on Conscience That is Needed to Increase our Knowledge of Truth.

4.3 New Science vs. Science of Intangibles -- 4.4 The Criterion of Truth and Falsehood -- 4.5 Effect of the Science of Tangibles -- 4.6 The Science of Matter and Energy -- 4.6.1 The European Knowledge Trail in Mass and Energy -- 4.6.2 Delinearized History of Mass and Energy Management in the Middle East -- 4.7 Paradigm Shift in Scientific and Engineering Calculations -- 4.8 Summary and Conclusions -- 5 Fundamentals of Mass and Energy Balance -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Difference Between a Natural Process and an Engineered Process -- 5.3 The Measurement Conundrum of the Phenomenon and its Observer -- 5.3.1 Background -- 5.3.2 Galileo's Experimental Program: An Early Example of the Nature-Science Approach -- 5.4 Implications of Einstein's Theory of Relativity on Newtonian Mechanics -- 5.5 Newton's First Assumption -- 5.6 First Level of Rectification of Newton's First Assumption -- 5.7 Second Level of Rectification of Newton's First Assumption -- 5.8 Fundamental Assumptions of Electromagnetic Theory -- 5.9 Aims of Modeling Natural Phenomena -- 5.10 Challenges of Modeling Sustainable Petroleum Operations -- 5.11 Implications of a Knowledge-based Sustainability Analysis -- 5.11.1 A General Case -- 5.11.2 Impact of Global Warming Analysis -- 5.12 Concluding Remarks -- 6 A True Sustainability Criterion and its Implications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Importance of the Sustainability Criterion -- 6.3 The Criterion: The Switch that Determines the Direction at a Bifurcation Point -- 6.3.1 Some Applications of the Criterion -- 6.4 Current Practices in Petroleum Engineering -- 6.4.1 Petroleum Operations Phases -- 6.4.2 Problems in Technological Development -- 6.5 Development of a Sustainable Model -- 6.6 Violation of Characteristic Time Period or Frequency -- 6.7 Observation of Nature: Importance of Intangibles -- 6.8 Analogy of Physical Phenomena.

6.9 Intangible Cause to Tangible Consequence -- 6.10 Removable Discontinuities: Phases and Renewability of Materials -- 6.11 Rebalancing Mass and Energy -- 6.12 Energy: The Current Model -- 6.12.1 Supplements of Mass Balance Equation -- 6.13 Tools Needed for Sustainable Petroleum Operations -- 6.14 Assessing the Overall Performance of a Process -- 6.15 Continuous Time Function as the Inherent Feature of a Comprehensive Criterion -- 6.16 Conclusions -- 7 What is Truly Green Energy? -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Global Energy Scenario -- 7.3 Ranking with Global Efficiency -- 7.4 Global Efficiency of Solar Energy to Electricity Conversion -- 7.4.1 PV Cells -- 7.4.2 Global Efficiency of Direct Solar Application -- 7.4.3 Combined-Cycle Technology -- 7.4.4 Hydroelectricity to Electric Stove -- 7.4.5 Global Efficiency of Biomass Energy -- 7.4.6 Global Efficiency of Nuclear Power -- 7.5 Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming -- 7.6 Renewable vs Non-Renewable: No Boundary as such -- 7.7 Concluding Remarks -- 8 Good Light and Bad Light -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Natural Light Source: Sun -- 8.2.1 Sun Composition -- 8.2.2 Sun Microstructure -- 8.3 Artificial Light Sources -- 8.4 Pathways of Light -- 8.5 Natural and Artificial Light Spectra -- 8.6 Effect of Eyeglasses and Sunglasses on Light Spectra -- 8.7 Concluding Remarks -- 9 Do You Believe in Global Warming? -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Historical Development -- 9.3 Current Status of Greenhouse Gas Emission -- 9.4 Classification of CO2 -- 9.5 Role of Water in Global Warming -- 9.6 Characterization of Energy Sources -- 9.7 Problems with the Currently used Models -- 9.8 Sustainabile Energy Development -- 9.9 Zero Waste Energy Systems -- 9.10 Reversing Global Warming: The Role of Technology Development -- 9.11 Deconstructing the Myth of Global Warming and Cooling -- 9.12 Concluding Remarks.

10 Is the 3R's Mantra Sufficient? -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Petroleum Refining -- 10.2.1 Zero-Waste Refining Process -- 10.3 Zero Waste in Product Life Cycle (Transportation, Use, and End-of-Life) -- 10.4 No-Flaring Technique -- 10.4.1 Separation of Solid-Liquid -- 10.4.2 Separation of Liquid-Liquid -- 10.4.3 Separation of Gas-Gas -- 10.4.4 Overall Plan -- 11 Truly Green Refining and Gas Processing -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Refining -- 11.1.2 Natural Gas Processing -- 11.2 Pathways of Crude Oil Formation -- 11.3 Pathways of Crude Oil Refining -- 11.4 Additives in Oil Refining and their Functions -- 11.4.1 Platinum -- 11.4.2 Cadmium -- 11.4.3 Lead -- 11.5 Emissions from Oil Refining Activities -- 11.6 Degradation of Crude and Refined Oil -- 11.7 Pathways of Natural Gas Processing -- 11.8 Oil and Condensate Removal from Gas Streams -- 11.9 Water Removal from Gas Streams -- 11.9.1 Glycol Dehydration -- 11.9.2 Solid-Desiccant Dehydration -- 11.10 Separation of Natural Gas Liquids -- 11.10.1 The Absorption Method -- 11.10.2 The Membrane Separation -- 11.10.3 The Cryogenic Expansion Process -- 11.11 Sulfur and Carbon Dioxide Removal -- 11.11.1 Use of Membrane for Gas Processing -- 11.11.2 Nitrogen and Helium Removal -- 11.12 Problems in Natural Gas Processing -- 11.12.1 Pathways of Glycols and their Toxicity -- 11.12.2 Pathways of Amines and their Toxicity -- 11.12.3 Toxicity of Polymer Membranes -- 11.13 Innovative Solutions for Natural Gas Processing -- 11.13.1 Clay as a Glycol Substitute for Water Vapor Absorption -- 11.13.2 Removal of C02 Using Brine and Ammonia -- 11.13.3 C02 Capture Using Regenerable Dry Sorbents -- 11.13.4 C02 Capture Using Oxides and Silicates of Magnesium -- 11.13.5 H2S Removal Techniques -- 11.14 Concluding Remarks -- 12 Greening of Flow Operations -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Hydrate Problems.

12.3 Corrosion Problems in the Petroleum Industry -- 12.4 Green Solutions for Hydrate Control -- 12.4.1 Ethylene Glycol -- 12.4.2 Methyl Ethanol Amine (MEA) -- 12.4.3 Biological Approach -- 12.4.4 Direct Heating Using a Natural Heat Source -- 12.5 Sustainable Approach to Corrosion Prevention -- 12.6 Bacterial Solutions for Asphaltene and Wax Damage Prevention -- 13 Greening of Enhanced Oil Recovery -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Chemical Flooding Agents -- 13.2.1 Alkalinity in Wood Ashes -- 13.2.2 Environmental Sustainability of Wood Ash Usage -- 13.2.3 The Use of Soap Nuts for Alkali Extraction -- 13.3 Greening of C02 Injection Schemes -- 13.3.1 EOR Through Greenhouse Gas Injection -- 13.3.2 Sour Gas Injection for EOR -- 13.4 A Novel Microbial Technique -- 13.5 Humanizing EOR Practices -- 14 Deconstruction of Engineering Myths Prevalent in the Energy Sector -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 How Leeches Fell out of Favor -- 14.1.2 When did Carbon Become the Enemy? -- 14.2 The Sustainable Biofuel Fantasy -- 14.2.1 Current Myths Regarding Biofuel -- 14.2.2 Problems with Biodiesel Sources -- 14.2.3 The Current Process of Biodiesel Production -- 14.3 "Clean" Nuclear Energy -- 14.3.1 Energy Demand in Emerging Economies and Nuclear Power -- 14.3.2 Nuclear Research Reactors -- 14.3.3 Global Estimated Uranium Resources -- 14.3.4 Sustainability of Nuclear Energy -- 14.3.5 Global Efficiency of Nuclear Energy -- 14.3.6 Energy from Nuclear Fusion -- 15 Conclusions -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The HSS®A® (Honey → Sugar → Saccharin®→Aspartame®) Pathway -- 15.3 HSS®A® Pathway in Energy Management -- 15.4 The Conclusions -- References -- Index.